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BENNETTS  LATIN  SERIES. 

LATIN  GRAMMAR.     12mo.  cloth,  282  pages. 
LATIN   LESSONS.     1 6mo.  cloth.  1 9 1  pages. 
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pages. 
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paper,  49  pages. 
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pages. 

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VIRGIL'S  AENEID,  Books  I.-VI.     12mo,  cloth,  491  pages. 


iSennett's  Hatin  Scries 


Preparatory  Latin  Writer 


BY 

CHARLES    E.    BENNETT 

PROFESSOR  OF  LATIN   IN   CORNELL  UNIVERSITY 


»04c 


ALLYN    AND    BACON 
33o0ton  anti  CJjicajgo 


COPYRIGHT,  1905.  BY 
CHARLES  E.  BENNETT. 


Nortoooti  ^rrsf 

J.  8.  Cushlnp  &  Co.  -  IJorwlck  A  Smith  Co. 

Norwood,  Mass.,  U.S.A. 


PREFACE. 

Like  my  Latin  Composition  for  Secondary  Schools, 
the  present  book  has  been  prepared  in  the  conviction 
that  the  primary  function  of  Latin  Composition  in  sec- 
ondary schools  is  to  extend  and  strengthen  the  pupil's 
knowledge  of  Latin  grammar,  and  that  this  function 
is  best  fulfilled  by  means  of  a  systematic  presentation 
of  the  syntactical  principles  of  the  language.  The 
following  Lessons,  accordingly,  are  devoted  mainly  to 
exercises  in  applying  the  principles  of  the  various  case 
and  mood  constructions  recognized  in  our  Latin  gram- 
mars. But  in  order  that  the  writing  of  continuous 
discourse  may  not  be  neglected,  passages  of  simple 
English  narrative,  involving  the  principles  covered  in 
the  previous  exercises,  are  frequently  introduced. 

The  illustrative  examples  given  at  the  beginning  of 
each  lesson  have  been  drawn  with  great  care  from 
Latin  literature.  The  English  sentences  and  passages 
of  continuous  discourse  set  for  translation  into  Latin 
are  based  on  the  vocabulary  of  Caesar. 

CHARLES  E.  BENNETT. 

Ithaca,  January,  1906. 


iii 


TABLE  OF   CONTENTS. 

Page 
I.    Subject  Nominative.     Predicate  Nouns.    Apposi- 

tives.     The  Vocative 1 

II.    Agreement  of  Adjectives  and  Verbs       ...  4 

III.  Relative  Pronouns.     Possessive  Pronouns      .        .  7 

IV.  Questions  and  Answers 10 

V.    The  Accusative.     Accusative  of  Direct  Object       .  13 

VI.    The    Accusative    (continued).     Two    Accusatives 

with  the  Same  Verb 16 

VII.    The  Accusa.t[ye  (continued).     Accusative  of  Time 

and  Space  ;  Limit  of  Motion,  etc.        ...       19 
VIII.    The  Dative.     Dative  of  Indirect  Object ...      22 
IX.    The  Dative  (continued).     Dative  of  Reference  ;  of 

Agency 26 

X.    The  Dative  (continued).     Dative  of  Possession  ;  of 

Purpose  ;  witli  Adjectives 29 

XI.    The  Genitive.    Genitive  of  Possession  ;  Subjective  ; 

Objective 32 

XII.    The  Genitive  (continued).     Genitive  of  the  Whole 

('  Partitive  Genitive  ');  oi  Quality  ;  Appositional      35 

XIII.  The  Genitive  (continued).     Genitive  with  Adjec- 

tives ;  with  memini,  reminiscor,  obliviscor         .       39 

XIV.  The  Genitive  (continued).    Genitive  with  admoned, 

commoneo,  commonefacio  ;  with  Verbs  of  Judi- 
cial Action  ;  with  Impersonals  ;  with  misereor, 
miserescd  ;  with  interest  and  refert ;  with  other 
Verbs 42 

XV.    The  Ablative.    Ablative  of  Separation  ;  of  Source  ; 

of  Agent 45 

XVI.  The  Ablative  (continued).  Ablative  of  Com- 
parison ;  of  Means ;  with  the  Deponents  utor, 
fruor,  etc.  ;  with  opus  est ;  with  niter,  innixus, 

fretus 48 

V 


VI 


Table  of  Contents, 


Lesson  Paob 

XVII.  The  Ablative  {continued).  Ablative  with  mis- 
cere,  jungere,  etc.  ;  in  Special  Phrases  ;  with 
Verbs  of  Filling ;   of  Way  by  Which  ;   of 

Cause ;  of  Manner 51 

XVIII.    The  Ablative  (c"on«i>med).    Ablative  of  Attend- 
ant Circumstance  ;    of  Accompaniment ;   of 
Degree  of  Difference  ;  of  Quality  ...      55 
XIX.    The  Ablative  (continued).     Ablative  of  Price  ; 

of  Specification ;  Ablative  Absolute       .        .      58 
XX.    The  Ablative  (continued).     Ablative  of  Place 

Where  ;  the  Locative  ;  of  Place  from  Which  61 
XXI.  The  Ahlsitive  (contimied).  Ablative  of  Time  .  64 
XXII.  Syntax  of  Adjectives.  Adjectives  used  Sub- 
stantively ;  with  the  Force  of  Adverbs ;  the 
Comparative  and  Superlative ;  Adjectives 
Denoting  a  Part ;  primus  =  first  who  ;  ulti- 
mas =  last  who 67 

XXIII.  Pronouns.     Personal ;    Reflexive  ;   Reciprocal ; 

Demonstrative 71 

XXIV.  Vronown^  (continued).    Demonstrative;  Indefi- 

nite       .        .        .        .        .        .        .        .74 

XXV.    Vrononw^ (continued).    Indefinite;  Pronominal 

Adjectives 78 

XXVI.    Tenses  of  the  Indicative 81 

XXVII.    Hortatory,  Jussive,  Prohibitive,  Deliberative, 

and  Concessive  Subjunctive   ....      84 
XXVIII.    The  Optative  and  Potential  Subjunctive;  the 

Imperative 87 

XXIX.  Purpose  Clauses.  Clauses  with  ut,  ne,  quo ; 
Relative  Purpose ;  Relative  Clauses  with 
dignus,    indignus,    idoneus;     Sequence    of 

Tenses 90 

XXX.  Clauses  of  Characteristic.  Clauses  of  Re- 
sult         93 

XXXI.  Causal  Clauses.  Temporal  Clauses  Intro- 
duced by  postqaam,  ut,  ubi,  cum  primum, 
simul  ac 97 


Table  of  Contents. 


vu 


Lesson  Page 

XXXII.  Temporal  Clauses  Introduced  by  cum;  by 
antequam  and  priusquam  ;  by  dum,  donee, 
and  quoad 100 

XXXIII.  Substantive    Clauses.      Substantive    Clauses 

Developed  from  the  Jussive ;  from  the 
Deliberative  ;  after  Verbs  of  Hindering  and 
Preventing 103 

XXXIV.  Substantive  Clauses  (con^^wwed).    Substantive 

Clauses  Developed  from  the  Optative ;  of 
Result ;  Introduced  by  quod       .         .         .     107 

XXXV.    Indirect  Questions Ill 

XXXVI.    Conditional  Sentences 114 

XXXVII.    Use  of  nisi,  si  n5n,  sin ;  Conditional  Clauses 

of  Comparison 117 

XXXVIII.    Subordinate  Adversative  Clauses  Introduced 

by  quamvis,  quamquam,  etc.;  Provisos     .     120 
XXXIX.    Indirect  Discourse.    Use  of  Moods  and  Tenses 
in  Declaratory,  Interrogative,  and  Impera- 
tive Sentences 123 

XL.    Indirect  Discourse  {continued).     Conditional 

Sentences  in  Indirect  Discourse  .        .        .     127 
XLI.    The   Infinitive.      Infinitive  without    Subject 

Accusative  used  as  Subject ;  as  Object       .     130 
XLII.    The  Infinitive  {continued).      Infinitive  with 
Subject  Accusative,  used   as   Subject ;    as 
Object ;  Passive  Verbs  Construed  with  the 

Infinitive 133 

XLIII.    Participles.    Tenses  of  the  Participle  ;  Use  of 

Participles 137 

XLIV.    The  Gerund ;   the  Gerundive  Construction ; 

the  Supine 140 

Supplementary  Exercises  in  Continued  Discourse  .  .  144 
Samples  of  College  Entrance  Papers  in  Latin  Composition  165 
General  Vocabulary  ........     169 


LIST   OF  ABBREVIATIONS. 

Grammatical  references  not  preceded  by  any  Initial  are  to  tiie  author*8  Latin 
Grammar. 


A.  &  G.  . 

.     Allen  &  Greenough's  New  Latin  Grammar. 

abl. 

.     ablative. 

ace. 

.     accusative. 

adv. 

.     adverb. 

c.    . 

.     common  (gender). 

cf.  . 

.     compare. 

conj. 

.     conjunction. 

dat. 

.     dative. 

dep. 

.     deponent. 

e.g. 

.     for  example. 

f.     .        .        . 

.     feminine. 

gen. 

.     genitive. 

H.  . 

.     Harkness's  Complete  Latin  Grammar. 

i.e.  . 

.    that  is. 

indecl.     . 

.     indeclinable. 

intrans.  or  int 

r.       .     intransitive. 

lit.  . 

.     literally. 

m.  . 

.    masculine. 

n.    . 

.    neuter. 

obj. 

.    object. 

pi.  .        .        . 

.     plural. 

pred. 

.    predicate. 

prep.       . 

.     preposition. 

8emi-dep. 

.    semi-deponent. 

subj. 

.     subject. 

trans,  or  tr.     . 

.    transitive. 

LESSON  I. 

SUBJECT  NOMINATIVE.      PREDICATE  NOUNS.     APPOSITIVES. 
THE  VOCATIVE. 

GRAMMATICAL    REFERENCES. 

1.  Subject  Nominative.     166,  166.   2;   A.  &  G.  339;   H. 
387  and  1. 

2.  Predicate  Nouns.     167,  168.   1,  2 ;   A.  &  G.  283,  284; 
H.  393.  1,  8. 

3.  Appositives.     169.  1,  2,  3,  5;   A.  &  G.  282  and  c;  H. 
393  and  1,  4. 

4.  The  Vocative.    171 ;  A.  &  G.  340;  H.  402. 

EXAMPLES. 

1.  praeteritum    tempus   numquam  revertitur,i  past   time 
never  returns. 

2.  horae  et  dies  et  menses  et  anni  cedunt,  hours  and  days 
and  months  and  years  pass  away. 

3.  agri  cultura  a  Cicerone   copiose  laudatur,  farming  is 
generously  praised  by  Cicero. 

4.  vidi  etiam  senem  Livium,  I  saio  also  Livius  when  he 
was  an  old  man. 

5.  ego  2  vero  periculis  delector,  I  in  fact  take  pleasure  in 
dangers. 

6.  haec  quidem  sunt  studia  doctrinae,  these  now  are  the 
pursuits  of  culture. 

7.  philosophia  est  vitae  magistra,^  philosophy  is  the  guide 
of  life, 

1 


2  Latin  Composition. 

8.  Rdmulus  habitus  est  ^  deas,  Romulus  was  regarded  as  a 
god. 

9.  Croesus  n5n  semper  mansit  ^  rex,  Croesus  did  not  always 
remain  king. 

10.  naturam,  optimam  ducem,  sequimur,  we  follow  nature, 
the  best  guide. 

11.  Metellus  et  LucuUus,  homines  consularea,  Metellus  and 
LucuUus,  men  of  consular  rank. 

12.  assentatio  adjutrix  vitidrum,  flattery.,  promoter  of  evils. 

13.  duo  reges,  ille*  bello,  hie*  pace,  civitatem  auxerunt, 
two  kings,  one  by  war,  the  other  by  peace,  advanced  the  state. 

14.  desilite,  commilitones,^  jznnj?,  comrades! 


Notes  on  the  Examples. 

1)  The  verb  in  the  Latin  sentence  regularly  stands  last  (348; 
A.  &  G.  596  and  a;  H.  G64),  but  it  often  precedes  a  predicate  noun 
or  adjective. 

2)  The  subject  is  here  emphatic ;  hence  the  pronoun  is  expressed. 

3)  The  predicate  noun  here  agrees  in  gender  as  well  as  in  case 
with  its  subject. 

4)  lUe  and  hie  are  in  partitive  apposition  with  the  subject, 
reges. 

5)  The  Vocative  regularly  follows  one  or  more  words  of  the 
sentence. 

VOCABULARY. 


brother,  frSLter,  tris,  m. 
capture,    capio,     ere,     cSpi, 

captuB.* 
conspiracy, conjurStio,  onis,  f. 


daughter,  filia,  ae,  f. 
enemy  (in  a  military  or  politi- 
cal sense),  hostis,  is,  c. 
father,  pater,  tris,  m. 


*  In  giving  the  principal  parts  of  verbs,  the  perfect  passive  par- 
ticiple is  given  instead  of  the  supine ;  if  the  verb  is  transitive,  the 
participle  is  given  in  the  mascuUno  form,  otherwise  in  the  neuter. 
Where  the  perfect  p.issive  participle  is  not  in  use,  the  future  active 
participle  is  given,  if  it  occurs. 


Subject  Nominative, 


3 


fleet,  classis,  is,  f. 
footsoldier,  pedes,  itis,  m. 
friend,  amicus,  i,  m. 
get  ready,  compare,  1.* 
horseman,  eques,  itis,  m. 
king,  rex,  regis,  in. 
leader,  dux,  ducis,  c. 
peace,  pax,  pacis,  f. 


remain,  maneo,  ere,  m^nsi, 

mansurus. 
rout,  fugo,  1. 

see,  video,  Sre,  vidi,  visus. 
son,  filius,  i,  m. 
sue  for,  peto,  ere,  ivi  or  ii, 

itus. 
tribe,  gens,  gentis,  f. 


EXERCISE. 

1.    You    were    the    leaders^    of    tliis    conspiracy. 

2.  The   Helvetii   were   routed  and   sued   for    peace. 

3.  The  son  of  Ariovistus,  king  of  the  Germans,  was 
captured.  4.  Octodurus,  the  winter  quarters  of 
Galba,  was  a  village  of  the  Veragri.  5.  This  man 
was  regarded  (as)  -  an  enemy  by  the  Gauls.^  6.  Lis- 
cus  had  become  a  magistrate  of  the  Haeduans. 
7.  The  camp  of  the  Eomans  was  there.  8.  The 
Veneti,  a  most  warlike  tribe,  got  ready  a  large  fleet. 
9.  We  saw  Divitiacus,  the  brother  of  Dumnorix,  the 
Haeduan.  10.  Footsoldiers  and  horsemen  quickly 
assembled.  11.  Catamantaloedes,  the  father  of  Cas- 
ticus,  had  always  remained  a  friend  of  the  Roman 
people.     12.  The  son  and  daughter  of  Orgetorix  fled. 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  AVords  not  given  in  the  special  vocabularies  may  be  found  in 
the  general  vocabulary  at  the  end  of  the  book,  p.  169  {. 

2.  Words  in  parenthesis  are  not  to  be  translated. 

3.  by  the  Gauls :  use  a.  with  the  ablative. 

*  Regular  verbs  of  the  first  conjugation  are  indicated  by  the 
numeral  1. 


LESSON  II. 

AGREEMENT  OF  ADJECTIVES  AND  VERBS. 

GRAMMATICAL   REFERENCES. 

1.  Attributive  and  Predicate  Adjectives.  233.  2 ;  A.  &  G. 
285.  1  and  2. 

2.  Agreement  of  Adjectives.*  234  and  235  entire;  A.  &  G. 
286  and  a,  b,  287.  1-4  ;  II.  394,  395.  1,  2  and  N. 

3.  Agreement  of  Verbs.  254  and  255  entire ;  A.  &  G.  316 
and  6;  317.  a-d;  H.  388,  389.  1,  2;  390,  391,  392.  1-4. 

EXAMPLES. 

1.  pater  bonus  ^  et  mater,  an  excellent  father  and  mother. 

2.  eadem^  alacritas  et  studium,  the  same  eagerness  and 
zeal. 

3.  pax  et  Concordia  sunt  pulchrae,  peace  and  concord  are 
glorious. 

4.  res  operae  multae  ^  ac  labdris,  a  matter  of  much  effort 
and  labor. 

6.  pater  et  filius  capti  sunt,  the  father  and  son  were 
captured. 

6.  stultitia  et  timiditas  fugienda  sunt,  folly  and  cowardice 
should  be  shunned. 

7.  pater  et  mater  mortal  sunt,  the  father  and  motfier  died. 

*  Note  that  the  principles  for  the  agreement  of  adjectives  cover 
also  the  use  of  participles  in  the  compound  tenses  of  the  passive,  as 
well  as  in  the  periphrastic  conjugations. 

4 


Agreement  of  Adjectives  and   Verbs.  5 

8.  honores  et  victoriae  fortuita  sunt,  honoi'S  and  victories 
are  accidental. 

9.  domus,  uxor,  liberi  inventi  sunt,  home^  wife,  and  chiU 
dren  have  been  gained. 

10.  populi  provinciaeque  liberatae  sunt,  nations  and  prov- 
inces were  freed. 

11.  pars  bestiis  object!  sunt,  part  icere  thrown  to  beasts. 

12.  paupertas  mihi  onus  visum  est,  poverty  seemed  to  me  a 
burden. 

13.  Samnitium  tria  milia  occisi  sunt,  three  thousand  Sam- 
nites  icere  sJain. 

14.  neque  pater  neque  filius  mortuus  est,  neither  father 
nor  son  died. 

15.  caedes  ac  tumultus  erat,  there  was  bloodshed  and  tumult, 

16.  tu  et  ille  venistis,  yon  and  he  came. 

Notes  on  the  Examples. 

1)  For  the  position  of  the  attributive  adjective  with  reference 
to  its  noun,  see  350.  4  and  a;  A.  &  G.  598.  a,  b ;  H.  671. 

2)  For  the  position  of  demonstrative  pronouns,  see  350.  5.  a; 
A.  &  G.  598.  b ;  H.  675. 

VOCABULARY. 


auxiliaries,  auxilia,  orum,  n. 
cavalry,  equitatus,  us,  m. 
cut    to   pieces,    ocoido,    ere, 

cidi,  cisus. 
either  ...  or,  aut  .  .  .  aut. 
legion,  legio,  onis,  f. 
mother,  mater,  matris,  f. 
multitude,  multitude,  inis,  f. 
praise,  laudo,  1. 
return,  redeo,  ire,  ii,  itum. 
safe,  salvus,  a,  um. 


save,  servo,  1. 
senate,  senatus,  us,  m. 
soon,  mox,  adv. 
steadfastness,  constantia,  ae,  f. 
tear  down,  diruo,  ere,  ui,  utus. 
toil,  labor,  oris,  m. 
town,  oppidum,  i,  n. 
unharmed,  incolumis,  e. 
unlike,  dissimilis,  e. 
wife,  uxor,  oris,  f. 


6  Latin  Composition. 

EXERCISE. 

1.  The  bravery  and  steadfastness  of  the  soldiers 
deserve  to  be  praised.^  2.  The  senate  and  chief- 
tains of  this  tribe  formed  a  conspiracy.  3.  Auxilia- 
ries and  cavalry  had  been  got  ready.  4.  Either 
you  or  your  brother  will  return.  5.  The  Roman  sen- 
ate and  people  ^  praised  this  general.  6.  The  mother 
and  wife  of  Orgetorix  were  captured.  7.  The  gate 
and  wall  of  this  town  were  torn  down.  8.  Part  of 
the  Germans  were  saved,  but  ten  thousand  were  cut 
to  pieces.  9.  The  son  and  daughter  of  Liscus  will 
remain  unharmed.  10.  The  cavalry  quickly  returned 
into  the  town.  11.  Many  men  and  women  will  soon 
be  present.  12.  A  great  multitude  of  footsoldiers 
assembled.  13.  The  general,  the  legions,  and  the 
camp  ^  are  safe.      14.  Toil  and  pleasure  are  unlike. 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  deserve  to  be  praised:  use  the  passive  perlplirastic  con- 
jugation. 

2.  SenSLtus  populusque  RSmanus:  tliis  plirase  regularly 
takes  a  singular  verb. 

3.  Fqf  the  use  of  conjunctions  in  enumerations,  see  341.  4.  a-c, 
A.  &  G.  323.  c.  1,  3;  H.  657.  6  and  N. 


LESSON   III. 

RELATIVE  PRONOUNS.    POSSESSIVE  PRONOUNS. 

GRAMMATICAL   REFERENCES. 

1.  Relative  Pronouns.  250.  1-4,  251.  1,  5,  6;  A.  &  G.  305 
and  a,  306  and  b,  307.  c,  308.  a, /and  N. ;  H.  396  and  2,  397, 
398  and  1,  399.  4. 

2.  Possessive  Pronouns.  243.  1-3,  233.  3;  A.  &  G.  302 
and  a,c,e',  H.  501,  393.  6. 

EXAMPLES. 

1.  agri  qui  empti  sunt,  the  lands  which  were  bought. 

2.  artes  quae  ad  humanitatem  pertinent,  the  studies  which 
make  for  culture. 

3.  calamitates  quas  tulerunt,  the  disasters  they  boYe. 

4.  Virtus  et  Fides  quarum  Romae  templa  sunt,  Virtue  and 
Faith  to  lohom  (lit.  ofwhoni)  there  are  temples  at  Borne. 

5.  inconstantia  et  temeritas  quae  digna  non  sunt  deo, 
fickleness  and  haste,  which  are  not  worthy  of  a  god. 

6.  puer  et  puella  qui  aderant,  the  boy  and  girl  who  were 
present. 

7.  Thebae  quod  Boeotiae  caput  est,  Thebes^  which  is  the 
capital  of  Boeotia. 

8.  sex  milia,  qui  ex  acie  perfugerant,  six  thousand  who 
had  fled  from  the  battle. 

9.  qui  naturam  secuti  sunt,  multa  laudabilia  fecerunt, 
those  icho  have  followed  nature  have  done  many  praiseworthy 
things. 

7 


8 


Latin  Composition. 


10.  quo  factum  est,  and  by  this  it  happened. 

11.  haec  tecum  patria  loquitur,  your  country  thus  pleads 
with  you,  literally,  says  this. 

12.  Horatius  sua  manu  sor5rem  interfecit,  Horatius  slew 
his  sister  with  his  own  hand. 

13.  compress!  conatus  tuos,  I  checked  your  attempts. 


VOCABULARY. 


admire,  admiror,  1. 
armed,  armatus,  a,  um. 
call,  name,  appello,  1. 
destroy,  deleo,  ere,  evi,  Stus. 
famous,  clams,  a,  um. 
friendly,  amicus,  a,  lun. 
lose,    perdo,     ere,     perdidi, 

perditus. 
nothing,  nihil,  indeclinable. 


restore,  replace,  restltuo,  ere, 

Ul,  UtUB. 

seize,  occupo,  1. 

set  on  fire,  incendo,  ere,  endi, 

ensus. 
shield,  scutum,  i,  n. 
state,  civitSs,  atis,  f. 
suffer,  patior,  i,  passus. 
sword,  gladiuB,  i,  m. 


EXERCISE. 

1.  Caesar's  soldiers  seized  Vesontio,  which  was  the 
most  famous  town  of  the  Sequani.  2.  They  tore 
down  their  own  walls.  3.  These  legions  which  the 
general  praises  are  the  best.  4.  The  men  and  women 
whose  town  was  destroyed  are  now  dead.  5.  Four 
thousand    who    were    armed    were    cut    to    pieces. 

6.  These  men  had    lost    their   swords    and   shields. 

7.  I    have    always    praised    your    bravery,   soldiers. 

8.  They  captured  a  large  town,  which  is  called  Tou- 
louse. 9.  The  Helvetii  will  restore  the  towns  and 
villages  which  they  have  set  on  fire.      10.  I  admire 


Relative  and  Possessive  Pronouns,  9 

the  bravery  and  steadfastness  which  our  soldiers  ex- 
hibit. 11.  We  came  to  the  borders  of  the  Senones, 
who  are  a  great  state  among  the  Gauls.  12.  The 
tribes  that  had  remained  friendly  suffered  nothing. 
13.  The  mother  and  daughter  who  were  captured  have 
returned. 


LESSON   IV. 

QUESTIONS  AND  ANSWERS. 

GRAMMATICAL  REFERENCES. 

1.  Word  Questions.     1G2.  1 ;  A.  &  G.  333 ;  H.  378. 

2.  Sentence  Questions.     162.  2.  a-d ;  A.  &  G.  332  and  a-c ; 
H.  378.  1,  2. 

3.  Double  Questions.     162.  4  and  a ;  A.  &  G.  334  and  335 ; 
H.  380  and  1. 

4.  Answers.   162.  5 ;  A.  &  G.  336  and  a.  1,  2 ;  II.  379  and  1. 

EXAMPLES. 

1.  quis  umquam  illud  templum  aspexit,  who  ever  looked  at 
that  temple  f 

2.  quid  postulas,  what  do  you  demand  ? 

3.  ubi  e5s  convenit,  wJiere  did  he  meet  them  f 

4.  quo  tandem  accusator  fugit,  whither^  pray,   did  the 
accuser  flee  ? 

5.  eundemne  tu  jiidicem  sumebas,  did  you  take  the  same 
man  as  judge  ? 

6.  num  noctu  venerunt,  they  didnH  come  at  night,  did  they? 

7.  nonne  ad  urbem  profeetus  es,  did  you  not  set  out  for 
the  city  f 

8.  tu  in  judicum  conspectum  venire  audes,  do  you  dare  to 
come  into  the  presence  of  the  judges  9 

0.   id  utrum  libentes  an  inviti  dabant,  did  they  give  that 
willingly  or  unwillingly  f 

10.    stultitiamne  dieam  an  impndentiam  singularem,  shall 
I  call  it  folly  or  stupendous  impudence  / 

10 


Questions  and  Answers. 


11 


11.  cum  homine  agimus  an  cum  immani  belua,  are  we  deal- 
ing loith  a  man  or  a  wild  beast  ? 

12.  tabulas  habet  anndn,  has  he  the  tablets^  or  not  ? 

13.  '  hosne  vides  ? '  '  video.'  '  Do  you  see  these  men  ? '  '  Yes.'' 

14.  ' estisne  v5s  legati ? '    'ita.'    '■  Are  you  envoys  f    'Fes.' 

15.  'estne  frater  intus?'     '  Non  est.'     '7s  your  brother 
within  f '     '  No."* 

VOCABULARY. 


accomplisb,  efficio,  ere,  feci, 

fectus. 
ambassador,  legatus,  i,  m. 
arrogant,  insolens,  entis. 
book,  liber,  libri,  m. 
cruel,  crudelis,  e. 
forget,  obliviscor,  i,  oblitus. 
how  many,  quot,  indeclinable, 
land,  ager,  agri,  m. 


money,  pecunia,  ae,  f. 
read,  lego,  ere,  legi,  lectus. 
recent,  recens,  entis. 
reward,  remiineror,  1. 
seem,  videor,  eri,  visus. 
treacherous,  perfidus,  a,  um. 
wage,  gero,  ere,  gessi,  gestus. 
war,  bellum,  i,  n. 
wrong,  injuria,  ae,  f. 


EXERCISE. 

1.  How  many  ^  wars  did  the  Komaii  people  wage  ? 
2.  Were  all  the  Gallic  towns  destroyed?  3.  Had 
you  seen  our  friend  ?  4.  Did  you  forget  this  ?  By 
no  means.^  5.  Will  you  reward  these  soldiers  with 
lands  or  with  money?  6.  Will  the  general  who 
seized  this  hill  remain  here  ?  7.  Have  you  read 
all  the  books  of  Julius  Caesar  on  the  Gallic  War  ? 
8.  Did  you  see  the  lists  which  the  Helvetii  had  left 
in  their  camp?  Ko.  9.  What  did  Caesar  accom- 
plish in  Gaul?  10.  When  will  the  ambassadors 
whom  we  sent  return  ?  11.  Will  they  set  this  town 
on  fire  or  defend  it^?       12.  Did  you  not  forget  these 


12  Latin  Composition. 

recent  wrongs  ?  13.  Who  was  ever  so  arrogant,  so 
cruel,  so  treacherous?  14.  You  didn't*  see  that 
village,  did  you?  15.  Will  you  not  do  what^  has 
seemed  best  to  your  commander  ? 

Sugrgestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  Interrogative  words  regularly  stand  first. 

2.  hy  no  means :  minime. 

3.  it :  do  not  translate. 

4.  See  Example  6. 

6.  what :  ea  quae,  those  things  which. 


LESSON  V. 

THE  ACCUSATIVE. 

GRAMMATICAL    REFERENCES. 

(Accusative  op  Direct  Object.) 

1.  Simple  Uses.       175.  1,  176.  1 ;  A.  &  G.  387 ;  H.  404. 

2.  With  Compound  Verbs.       175.  2.  a ;  A.  &  G.  388.  b ;  H. 
406. 

3.  With  Verbs  expressing  Emotions.       175.  2.  J ;  A.  &  G. 
388.  a ;  H.  405.  1. 

4.  Neuter  Pronouns  and  Adjectives  used  as  Accusative  of 
'Result  Produced.'     176.  2;  A.  &  G.  390.  c;  H.  409.  1. 

5.  Cognate  Accusative.      176.  4 ;  A.  &  G.  390 ;  H.  409. 

EXAMPLES. 

1.  gloria  virtutem  sequitur,  glory  follows  virtue. 

2.  omnia  quae  curant  meminerunt,  they  remember  all  things 
for  which  they  care. 

3.  foedus  ferire,  to  strike  a  treaty. 

4.  omnes  terrores  subibo,  I  shall  endure  all  terrors. 

5.  hortos  Epicuri  modo  praeteribamus,  we  icere  just  now 
going  past  the  gardens  of  Epicurus. 

6.  Xenophon  eadem  1  fere  peccat,  Xenophon  commits  almost 
the  same  errors. 

7.  vellem  idem'-^  possem  gloriari,  would  that  I  could  make 
the  same  boast. 

8.  unum  ^  studetis,  you  have  a  single  interest. 

13 


14 


Latin  Composition. 


9.   Caesar  multum  ^  equitatu  valebat,  Caesar  was  strong  in 
cavah-y. 

10.   mirum  somnium  sonmiavi,   /  dreamed  a  remarkable 
dream. 

Notes  on  the  Examples. 

1)  eadem  peccat:  literally,  errs  the  same  things,  i.e.  makes 
the  same  errors. 

2)  idem  gloriari :  literally,  boast  the  same  thing. 

3)  unum  studetis :  literally,  ijou  are  zealous  a  single  thing. 

4)  multum  valebat :  literally,  availed  much. 


VOCABULARY. 


approach,  ade5,  ire,  ii,  itus. 

bank,  ripa,  ae,  f. 

comrade,  fellow-soldier,  com- 

milito,  onis,  m. 
cross,  transeo,  ire,  ii,  itunis. 
cruelty,  crudelitas,  atis,  f. 
fortify,  munio,  ire,  ii,  itus. 
grieve,  grieve  at,  doleo,  ere, 

ui,  itunis. 
hardship,  labor,  oris,  m. 
harm,  noceo,  gre,  ui,  itunis. 
meet  (trans.),  convenio,  ire, 

vSni,  ventus. 


place,  locus,  i,  m.  ;  plu.,  looa, 

orum,  n. 
reply,  responded,  ere,  spondi, 

sponsus. 
river,  ilumen,  inis,  n. 
shudder,  shudder  at,  horred, 

gre,  ui. 
suitable,  idoneus,  a,  um. 
surpass,  praecgdo,  ere,  cessi, 

cessurus. 
surround,   circumvenio,  ire, 

vgni,  ventus. 


EXERCISE. 

1.  You  will  shudder  at  the  cruelty  which  your 
comrades  have  suffered.  2.  The  soldiers  who  had 
crossed  the  Rhine  followed  their  commander  into 
Germany.  3.  We  have  done  no  harm.*  4.  The 
first  legion  chose  a  suitable  place  and  at  once  forti- 


The  Accusative,  15 

fied  a  camp.  5.  The  envoys  of  the  Veneti  made  this 
reply.^       6.  Orgetorix    made    many   other    mistakes.^ 

7.  We    approached    the    banks    of   the   Eiver  Arar. 

8.  These  men  were  grieving  over  their  many  hard- 
ships and  complaining  of  their  fate.  9.  The  cavalry 
of  the  enemy  had  already  surrounded   two  cohorts. 

10.  No    tribe    surpasses    the    Helvetii    in    bravery.'* 

11.  Part  of  these  horsemen  had  already  gone  around 
the  fortifications  of  the  camp.  12.  Has  he  not  made 
the  same  answer  ?  13.  Caesar  met  the  envoys  of  the 
Helvetii  in  that  place. 

Sugg-estions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  have  done  no  harm :  translate:  have  harmed  nothing. 

2.  made  this  reply  :  translate :  replied  these  things. 

3.  made  mamj  other  mistakes :  see  the  sixth  Example. 

4.  in  bravery  :  express  by  the  simple  ablative. 


LESSON  VI. 

THE  ACCUSATIVE  {continued). 

GRAMMATICAL  REFERENCES. 

1.  Two  Accusatives,  —  Direct  Object  and  Predicate  Accusa- 
tive.   177.  1 ;  A.  &  G.  393 ;  H.  410  and  1. 

2.  Adjective  as  Predicate  Accusative.     177.  2;  A.  &  G. 
393.  N. ;  H.  410.  3. 

3.  Passive  Construction  of  the  Foregoing  Verbs.     177.  3; 
A.  &G.  393.  a;  11.410.  1. 

4.  Two  Accusatives,  —  Person   Affected  and   Result  Pro- 
duced.   178.  1.  a-e ;  A.  &  G.  394,  396  and  a  ;  H.  411. 

5.  Passive  Construction  of  these  Verbs.     178.  2 ;  A.  &  G. 
396.6;  11.411.  1. 

6.  Two  Accusatives  with  Compound  Verbs.     179.  1-3 ;  A. 
&G.  395andN.  2;  H.  413. 

EXAMPLES. 

1.  Ancum   Marcium  regem   populus  creavit,   the  people 
elected  Ancus  Marcius  king. 

2.  Bojos  socids  sibi  asciscunt,  they  took  the  Boji  as  their 
allies. 

3.  haec  fama  itinera  infesta  reddiderat,  this  rumor  had 
rendered  the  roads  danrjcrous. 

4.  liber  de  amicitia  qui  inscribitur  Laelius,  the   hook   on 
friendship^  which  is  entitled  Laelius. 

16 


The  Accusative. 


17 


5.  ipse   honestissimus   numerabatur,  he  himself  was  ac- 
counted most  distinguished. 

6.  numquam  divitias  deos  rogavi,  /  have  never  asked  wealth 
from  the  gods. 

7.  cur  id  me  rogas,  why  do  you  ask  me  that  f 

8.  illud  me  admones,  you  give  me  that  admonition. 

9.  faciam  illud  quod  rogatus  sum,  /  will  do  that  which  I 
have  been  asked. 

10.  multa  admonemur,  we  are  given  many  admonitions. 

11.  milites  navibus  flumen  transportat,  he  sets  his  troops 
ac7'oss  the  river  by  boats. 

12.  Belgae  sunt  Rhenum  traducti,  the  Belgians  were  led 
across  the  Bhine. 

Remarks. 

1.  Posco,  postulo,  flagito,  while  admitting  the  construction 
of  two  accusatives,  more  commonly  take  the  accusative  of  the 
thing  asked  and  the  ablative  with  ab  of  the  person.  Peto  regu- 
larly takes  the  latter  construction,  as  tribunatum  a  Caesare 
petivi,  I  asked  a  tribuneship  from  Caesar. 

2.  Rogo,  inquire,  besides  neuter  pronouns  and  adjectives,  ad- 
mits only  sententiam  as  accusative  of  the  thing. 

3.  Doceo  may  take  an  infinitive  in  place  of  the  accusative  of 
the  thing,  as  te  doceo  sentire,  I  teach  you  to  perceive.  The  com- 
pound edoceo  is  the  only  verb  of  teaching  that  is  freely  used  in 
the  passive. 

VOCABULARY. 


adjudge,  judge,  jiidico,  1. 
ask,  rogo,  1. 
bridge,  pons,  pontis,  m. 
concerning,  de,  prep,  with  abl. 
demand,  postulo,  1;  flagito,  1. 
energy,  virtus,  utis,  f. 
honorable,  honestus,  a,  um. 
march,  iter,  itineris,  n. 


pay,  stipendium,  i,  n. 
powerful,  potens,  entls. 
salute,  saliito,  1. 
teach,     doceo,     ere,     docuT, 

doctus ;  taught,  edoctus. 
tribune,  tribiinus,  i,  m. 
troops,  copiae,  arum,  f. 
watchfulness,  vigilantia,  ae,  f. 


18  Latin  Composition. 

EXERCISE. 

1.  Labienus  led  his  troops  across  the  bridge  which 
he  had  made  over  ^  this  river.  2.  Having  been  asked 
this  ^  by  Caesar,  the  envoys  answered  briefly.^  3.  The 
legions  will  salute  their  leader  (as)  Imperator.  4.  The 
tribunes  of  the  tenth  legion  will  demand  their  pay  of 
the  general.  5.  The  general's  watchfulness  and 
energy  had  made  the  march  safe.  6.  Why  did  you 
give  my  friend  this  admonition  ?  7.  These  chieftains 
have  made  themselves  powerful  among  the  Haedui. 

8.  These    horsemen    were    regarded    (as)    the    best. 

9.  Caesar's  soldiers  were  twice  led  across  the  Ehine. 

10.  He  had  been  taught  all  things  ^  which  this  tribe 
regards  (as)  honorable.  11.  These  scouts  were  asked 
their  opinion  concerning  the  ascent  of  the  mountain. 
12.  This  man  had  already  been  adjudged  an  enemy  of 
the  Gauls.  13.  The  Haedui  have  a  magistrate  whom 
they  call  ^  vergobretus.' 

Sug-gestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  over  this  river :  the  Latin  idiom  is,  in  this  river. 

2.  this :  use  the  neuter  plural. 

3.  briefly :  use  the  neuter  plural  of  pauci  ;  literally,  ajiswered 
a  few  things. 

4.  all  things :  use  the  neuter  plural  of  omnia. 


LESSON  VII. 

THE  ACCUSATIVE   {continued). 

GRAMMATICAL  REFERENCES. 

1.  Accusative  of  Time  and  Space.     181.  1 ;  A.  &  G.  423, 
425;  H.  417. 

2.  Accusative  of  Limit  of  Motion.     182.  1-4 ;  A.  &  G.  426. 
2,  427.  2,  428.  a,  b,  J ;  II.  418  and  1,  419  and  1,  2. 

3.  Accusative  in  Exclamations.     183;  A.  &  G.  397.  d;  H. 
421. 

4.  Accusative  as  Subject  of  Infinitive.     184 ;  A.  &  G.  397.  e ; 
H.  415. 

5.  Other  Accusative  Uses.  185 ;  A.  &  G.  397.  a ;  H.  416.  2,  3. 

EXAMPLES. 

1.  decern  annos  regnavit,  he  reigned  ten  years. 

2.  hic  locus  ab  hoste  sescentos  passus  aberat,  this  place 
teas  six  hundred  paces  distant  from  the  enemy. 

3.  ratis  ducentos  longa  pedes,  a  raft  two  hundred  feet  long. 

4.  Delphos  missi  sunt,  they  were  sent  to  Delphi. 

5.  domds  redeunt,  they  return  to  their  homes. 

6.  in  Galliam  ulteriorem  contendit  et  ad  Genavam  per- 
venit,  he  hastened  to  Gaul  and  arrived  in  the  vicinity  of  Geneva. 

7.  Thalam  pervenit,  in  oppidum  magnum,  he  came  to  Thala, 
a  large  town. 

8.  nuntium  ad  exercitum  Acen  misit,  he  sent  a  messenger 
to  his  army  at  Ace. 

9.  beu  me  mfelicem,  Ah,  wretched  me  I 

19 


20  Latin  Composition, 

10.  pueros  in  Tiberim  mitti  jussit,  he  ordered  the  hoys  to  he 
thrown  into  the  Tiber. 

11.  aliquid  id  genus,  something  of  that  sort. 

12.  vir  cetera  egregius,"  a  man  excellent  in  other  respects. 

13.  maximam  partem  lacte  vivunt,  they  live  for  the  most 
part  on  milk. 

Remarks. 

1.  Id  temporis,  id  aetatis,  at  that  time,  and  id  genus,  of  that 
kind,  were  never  frequently  employed  by  Latin  writers  in  good 
prose.  To  say  at  that  time,  use  eo  tempore  (230;  A.  &  G.  423.  1 ; 
H.  486) ;  of  that  kind,  ejus  modi  (203  ;  A.  &  G.  345.  a ;  H.  440.  3). 

2.  Observe  that  the  accusative  of  the  part  affected  (variously 
designated  as  Greek  Accusative,  Synecdochical  Accusative,  and 
Accusative  of  Specification)  is  regularly  confined  to  poetry ;  such 
expressions  as  Virgil's  os  umerSsque  deo  similis  should  not  be 
taken  as  models  for  prose  writing.  The  Ablative  of  Specification 
(226 ;  A.  &  G.  418 ;  H.  480)  is  the  proper  case  to  denote  this  relation. 

3.  A  favorite  way  of  saying  so  many  years  old,  was  by  means 
of  the  phrase  annos  natus,  as,  sexag-inta  annos  natus,  sixty 
years  old,  literally,  born  sixty  years. 

4.  To  denote  duration  for  a  small  number  of  days  or  years  it  is 
customary  to  use  biduum,  triduum,  quadriduum,  two  days, 
three  days,  four  days ;  and  biennium,  triennium,  quadrien- 
nium,  tioo  years,  three  years,  four  years. 


VOCABULARY. 


battle,  proelium,  i,  n. 
broad,  l^tus,  a,  um. 
camp,  castra,  onim,  n. 
children,  liberi,  orum,  c. 
climb  over,  trtnBcendo,  ere, 

endi,  Snaus. 
Farther  Gaul,  Gallia  ulterior. 
fight,  pflgnS,  1. 


flourishing,  flSrSns,  entis. 
foot,  pes,  pedis,  m. 
luckless,  infelix,  Icis. 
mile,  mllle  passus,  literally, 

thousand  paces;  plu.  milia 

pasBUum. 
province,  provincla,  ae,  f. 
rower,  rSmez,  igis,  m. 


The  Accusative.  21 


set  out,  proficiscor,  i,  fectus 

sum. 
thick,  crasBUS,  a,  um. 


thwart,  transtnim,  i,  n. 
whole,  totua,  a,  um. 


EXERCISE. 

1.  A  great  battle  was  fought  near  Bibracte. 
2.  We  came  to  Vesontio,  which  was  one  hundred 
miles  distant  from  Geneva.^  3.  The  camp  of  the 
enemy  was  six  miles  away.  4.  The  whole  army  set 
out  for  the  vicinity  of  Toulouse.  5.  At  the  age  of 
forty-three  years,  Caesar  came  into  the  province  of 
Farther  Gaul.  6.  The  thwarts  of  the  rowers  were 
one  foot  broad  and  three  inches  thick.  7.  Those  who 
came  to  this  camp  immediately  returned  to  their 
homes.  8.  We  climbed  over  a  wall  ten  feet  high. 
9.  The  envoys  who  had  been  sent  to  Kome  returned  to 
Geneva  in  Gaul.^  10.  0  luckless  women  and  chil- 
dren, 11.  We  came  to  Narbo,  a  most  flourishing 
city.^  12.  These  tribes  live  in  large  part  in  small 
towns  and  villages.  13.  For  the  most  part  these 
lands  are  not  fertile.  14.  This  man  lived  here  forty 
years.       15.  They  fought  (for)  two  days. 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  from  Geneva :  use  a  with  the  ablative. 

2.  See  Example  8. 

3.  See  Example  7. 


LESSON   VIII. 

THE  DATIVE. 

GRAMMATICAL   REFERENCES. 

(Dative  of  Indirect  Object.) 

1.  Indirect  Object  in  Connection  with  a  Direct  Object  after 
Transitive  Verbs.     187.   I  and  «  ;  A.  &  G.  3G2  ;  II.  424. 

2.  Indirect  Object  with  Intransitive  Verbs.     187.  ll ;  A.  & 
G.  366,  3G7;  11.424,426.  1,2. 

3.  Passive  Construction  of  the  Last  Class  of  Verbs.     187. 
11.6;  A.  &G.  372;  H.  426.  3. 

4.  Indirect  Object  with  Compound  Verbs.     187.  III.  1,  2; 
A.  &  G.  370 ;  H.  429  and  1. 

EXAMPLES. 

1.  praestat  tibi  benevolentiam,  he  shows  you  kindness. 

2.  praedam  militibus  donat,  he  gives  the  plunder  to  the 
soldiers. 

3.  Kaeduorum   civitati    Caesar    indulserat,    Caesar   had 
favored  the  state  of  the  Ilaedui. 

4.  Thessaliae  civitates  Pelopidam  cor5nis  ddnaverunt,  the 
states  of  Thessaly  presented  Felopidas  with  golden  crowns. 

5.  aciem  suam  earns  circumdederunt,  they  placed  their  line 
of  battle  around  the  loagons. 

0.   Treviri  ejus  imperio  non  parebant,  the  Treviri  did  not 
obey  his  order. 

7.  nocere  alteii,  to  injure  one^s  neighbor. 

8.  aedificiis  omnibus  pepercit,  he  spared  all  buildings. 

0.   probus  invidet  nemini,  the  upright  man  envies  no  one, 
22 


The  Dative,  23 

10.  aliorum  laudi  atque  gloriae  maxime  invidetur,  the 
praise  and  glory  of  others  is  especially  envied;  lit.it  is  envied 
to  the  praise  and  glory.,  etc. 

11.  mihi  n5n  persuasum  est,  I  have  not  been  persuaded  ;  lit- 
erally, it  has  not  been  persuaded  to  me. 

12.  Pelopidas  omnibus  periculis  adfuit,  Felopidas  was  pres- 
ent at  all  dangers. 

13.  Asia  ubertate  agrorum  omnibus  terris  antecellit,  Asia 
suipasses  all  countries  in  the  fertility  of  its  lands. 

14.  amicitiam  omnibus  rebus  humanis  anteponimus,  roe  set 
friendship  before  all  human  things. 


15.  mihi  invidetur,  /  am 
envied  ; 

tibi  invidetur,  you  are 
envied  ; 

ei  invidetur,  he  is  en- 
vied ; 


nobis  invidetur,  we  are  en- 
vied ; 

vobis  invidetur,  you  are  en- 
vied ; 

eis  invidetur,  they  are  envied. 


Remarks. 

1.  Persuades  and  noce5,  besides  the  dative  of  the  person,  may 
take  the  Accusative  of  Result  Produced.  This  construction,  how- 
ever, is  confined  to  narrow  limits;  the  chief  accusatives  so  used  are 
hoc,  illud,  id,  quod,  quid  (interrogative  and  indefinite),  aliquid, 
nihil.     Examples  are : 

h5c  Anaximandro  non  persuasit,  he  did  not  persuade  Anaxi- 
mander  to  this  effect. 

quid  mihi  istius  inimicitiae  nocebunt,  what  harm  will  that 
fellow^ s  hostility  do  me  ? 

2.  In  the  passive  construction  of  these  verbs  the  accusative  of 
the  thing  is  retained,  e.g. : 

hoc  ipsis  Siculis  persuasum  est,  the  Sicilians  themselves 
were  persuaded  to  this  effect. 

3.  With  mitto  and  scribo  one  may  use  either  the  accusative 
with  ad  or  the  dative,  according  as  the  idea  of  motion  is  or  is  not 
predominant.  Thus  either  mihi  or  ad  me  scripsisti,  you  wrote 
to  me. 


24 


Latin   Composition. 


VOCABULARY. 


centurion,  centurio,  onis,  in. 

charge,  be  in  cliarge,  praesum, 
esse,  fui ;  put  in  charge, 
praeficio,  ere,  feci,  fectus ; 
with  accusative  of  direct  ob- 
ject and  dative  of  the  indi- 
rect. 

cohort,  cohors,  rtis,  f. 

enjoin,  praecipio,  ere,  c§pl, 
ceptus,  with  dative. 

envy,  invideo,  ere,  vidi,  vl- 
sus,  with  dative. 

furnish,  praebeo,  ere,ui,  itus. 


grain,  frumentum,  i,  n. 

injure,  noceo,  ere,  ui,  iturus. 

letter,  epistula,  ae,  f. ;  or  lit- 
ter ae,  arum,  f. 

liberal,  largus,  a,  um. 

obey,  pareo,  ere,  ui,  iturus. 

persuade,  persuaded,  ere, 
suasi,  suasum. 

promise,  polliceor,  eri,  itus. 

reward,  munus,  eris,  n, 

spare,  parco,  ere,  peperci. 

write,  scrlbo,  ere,  scrips!, 
BcriptuB. 


EXERCISE. 

1.  Write  me  the  letter  which  you  promised. 
2.  Caesar  put  those  ceuturions  whom  he  considered 
best  in  charge  of  these  cohorts.  3.  I  will  do  you  no 
injury.^  4.  These  orders  were  obeyed.  5.  Labi- 
enus,  Caesar's  lieutenant,  was  in  charge  of  three 
legions.  6.  I  enjoin  this  upon  you  all.  7.  We  were 
all  envied.  8.  The  Gauls  furnished  horsemen,  money, 
and  grain  to  Caesar.  9.  This  prisoner  will  not  be 
spared.  10.  Most  liberal  rewards  were  given  to  the 
ambassadors  of  the  Allobroges.  11.  My  friends  will 
not  envy  this  glory  of  mine.^  12.  We  surrounded 
the  infantry  with  a  great  multitude  of  cavalry. 
13.  All  good  soldiers  will  obey  the  commands  of  their 
general.      14.  He  will  present  prizes  to  those  who 


The  Dative.  25 

defended  this  bridge  so  bravely.  15.  Did  you  not 
resist  the  leaders  of  that  conspiracy  ?  16.  I  shall 
not  be  persuaded.  17.  He  was  spared.  18.  We  are 
obeyed.  19.  They  are  injured.  20.  All  the  old 
men  of  the  Yeneti  were  present  at  this  assembly. 
21.  Caesar  spared  no  fields  of  the  Suebi.  22.  "Who 
was  in  charge  of  the  smaller  camp  ? 

Caesar  sets  out  for  Gaul. 

^  Caesar  had  completed  the  duties^  of  his  consulship 
and  had  not  yet  departed  for^  his  province,  when 
reports  were  brought  to  him  concerning  the  plans  of 
the  Helvetii.  Two  hundred  and  sixty-two  thousand 
of  these  were  already  near  Geneva,  and  were  threaten- 
ing the  Koman  province.  Accordingly  Caesar  set  out 
immediately  for^  Farther  Gaul,  and  arrived  in  the 
vicinity  of  Geneva  within  seven  days.* 

Sug-g-estions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  will  do  you  no  injury  :  translate :  will  injure  you  nothing. 

2.  glory  of  mine :  translate:  my  glory. 

3.  duties :  for  duty,  use  munus,  eris,  n. 

4.  for :  use  in  with  the  accusative. 

6.  within  seven  days :  express  by  the  ablative. 


LESSON  IX. 

THE  DATIVE  {continued). 

GRAMMATICAL  REFERENCES. 

1.  Dative  of  Reference.     188.  1;  A.  &  G.  37G ;  II.  425.  4. 
and  N. 

2.  Dative  of  Local  Standpoint.     188.  2.  a ;  A.  &  G.  378.  #; 
H.  425.  4. 

3.  Ethical  Dative.     188.  2.  &;  A.  &  G.  380;  H.  432. 

4.  Dative  of  Person  Judging.     188.  2.  c ;  A.  &  G.  378.  1. 

5.  Dative  of  Separation.    188.  2.  d\   A.  &  G.  381;    H. 
429.  2. 

6.  Dative  of  Agency.     189.  1,2;  A.  &  G.  374 ;  II.  431. 

EXAMPLES. 

1.  puero  dormienti  caput  ardebat,  the  head  of  the  boy 
burned  as  he  slept ;  lit.  the  head  burned  to  the  boy  sleeping. 

2.  sese  omnes  Caesari  ad  pedes  projecerunt,  they  all  threw 
themselves  at  Caesar'' s  feet ;  lit.  to  Caesar  at  the  feet. 

3.  oppidum  primum  Thessaliae  venientibus  ab  Epird,  the 
first  town  of  Thessaly  as  you  come  from  Epirus. 

4.  quid  sibi  vult,  what  does  he  mean  f  lit.  wish  for  himself. 

6.  ego  tibi  5rat5rem  sic  instituam,  Vll  train  you  an  orator 
in  the  folloimng  icay. 

0.   anim5  cupienti  nihil  satis  festinatur,  to  an  eager  mind 
nothing  goes  fast  enough. 

7.  fortunatus  sibi  Damocles  videbatur,  to  himself  Damocles 
seemed  fortunate. 

26 


The  Dative. 


27 


8.  reddite  ei  vitam  cui  ademistis,  rest  jre  life  to  him  from 
whom  you  have  taken  it. 

9.  multum  tuis  operibus  diuturnitas  detrahet,  time  will 
take  away  much  from  your  achievements. 

10.  diligentia  praecipue  colenda  est  ndbis,  carefulness  must 
be  especially  cultivated  by  us. 

11.  omnibus  hominibus  moriendum  est,  all  men  must  die. 

12.  qui  tibi  ad  caedem  constituti  sunt,  who  have  been  marked 
by  you  for  murder. 

Remarks. 

1.^  Except  in  the  phrase  sibi  veils,  to  mean,  the  Ethical  Dative 
is  rare,  being  confined  mainly  to  colloquial  language  and  to  poetry. 

2.  Note  that  for  the  purpose  of  avoiding  ambiguity  the  ablative 
with  a  (ab)  is  used  even  with  the  gerundive,  as,  —  hostibus  a 
nobis  parcendum  est,  we  must  spare  our  enemies. 


VOCABULARY. 


allies,  socii,  orum,  m. 

almost,  paene,  adv. 

avenue,   avenue   of   approach, 

aditus,  us,  m. 
bloodshed,  caedes,  is,  f. 
body,  corpus,  oris,  n. 
brave,  fortis,  e. 
cut  off,  intercliido,  ere,  clusi, 

cliisus. 
hillock,  tumulus,  i,  m. 


justice,  justitia,  ae,  f. 
project,  consilium,  i,  n. 
snatch,   snatch    from,    eripiS, 

ere,  ripui,  reptus. 
take,  take  from,  adimo,  ere, 

emi,  emptus. 
virtue,  virtiis,  litis,  f. 
way,  route,  iter,  itineris,  n. 
weapons,  arma,  orum,  n. 


EXERCISE. 

1.  Much^  money  and  many  weapons  were  taken 
from  the  townspeople.  2.  You  must  resist  vice.^ 
3.  He  snatched  the  sword  from  the  centurion.    4.  What 


28  Latin  Composition. 

sense  ^  have  war  and  bloodshed  ?  5.  You  have  taken 
away  from  our  allies  almost  all  (their)  rights.  6.  This 
journey  must  be  undertaken  by  us.  7.  We  shall  cut 
these    men^  off    from    every    avenue    of    approach. 

8.  These    projects    seemed    good    to    most    citizens. 

9.  Good    friends    must    not    be    injured    by    you.* 

10.  These  brave  men  blocked  the  way  of  the  enemy® 
with  their  own  bodies.  !  11.  This  hillock  is  situated 
on  the   left   hand  as   you  draw  near'  to   the   city. 

12.  Virtue  and  justice  ought  to  be  cherished  by  all. 

13.  These  wicked  men  must  not  be  spared  by  %ood 
citizens.''  14.  By  whom  must  resistance  be  made?* 
15.  To  me  these  projects  seemed  honorable. 

Suggrestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  For  'much  money'  the  Latin  regularly  says,  'great  money.* 

2.  you  must  resist  vice :  translate :  it  must  be  resisted  (to)  vice 
by  you.    For  '  vice,'  use  improbitas,  atis,  f. 

3.  Use  volO  with  the  Ethical  Dative. 

4.  In  Latin,  '  cut  off  all  avenues  to  these  men.* 

5.  See  Remark  2  under  Examples. 

G.  In  Latin,  '  blocked  the  way  to  the  enemy.' 

7.  as  you  draw  near :  see  Example  3. 

8.  See  the  Suggestion  on  sentence  2. 


LESSON  X. 

THE  DATIVE  {contirmed). 

GRAMMATICAL  REFERENCES. 

1.  Dative  of  Possession.     190  and  1 ;  A.  &  G.  373  and  a ; 
H.  430. 

2.  Dative  of  Purpose.     191. 1,  2 ;  A.  &  G.  382  and  1,  2 ;  H. 
433  and  3. 

3.  Dative  with  Adjectives.     192.  1,  2;  A.  &  G.  383,  384; 
H.  434  and  2. 

EXAMPLES. 

1.  nobis  sunt  conjuges  et  liberi,  ice  have  wives  and  children. 

2.  fons  cui  nomen  Arethusa  est,  a  fountain  which  has  the 
name  Arethusa. 

3.  Faustulo  61  fuit  nomen,  Faustulus  was  his  name. 

4.  dies  colloquio  dictus  est,  a  day  was  set  for  a  conference. 

5.  German!  auxilio  a  Belgis  arcessiti  sunt,  the  Germans 
were  summoned  by  the  Belgians  for  aid. 

6.  Una  res  nostris  magno  usui  erat,  one  thing  teas  of  great 
advantage  to  our  men,  lit.  to  our  men  for  great  advantage. 

7.  quinque  cohortes  castris  praesidio  reliquit,  he  left  five 
cohorts  as  a  guard  for  the  camp. 

8.  res  tuae  mihi  maximae  curae  sunt,  your  interests  are 
of  the  greatest  concern  to  me. 

9.  cui  bono  est,  to  whom  is  it  of  advantage  ?  lit.  for  an  ad- 
vantage. 

10.  hoc  mihi  detriments  est,  this  is  a  disadvantage  to  me. 

11.  genus  litterarum  meis  studiis  aptum,  a  kind  of  litera- 
ture suited  to  my  studies. 

29 


30 


Latin   Composition. 


12.  leges  secundissimas  plebei,  adversas  nobilitati  tulit,  he 
proposed  laics  most  favorable  to  the  people^  hut  hostile  to  the 
nobility. 

Remarks. 

1.  For  the  difference  between  the  Dative  of  Possession  and  the 
Possessive  Genitive,  see  Lesson  XI,  Remark  3. 

2.  The  Dative  of  Possession  is  mainly  used  with  reference  to 
material  possessions;  the  possession  of  mental  qualities  is  more 
frequently  indicated  in  other  ways. 

3.  With  nomen  est  the  name  is  very  rarely  attracted  into  the 
Dative  in  Cicero's  writings,  though  quite  commonly  so  attracted  in 
later  authors.    Either  construction,  therefore,  is  quite  idiomatic. 

4.  The  chief  verbs  that  take  a  Dative  of  Purpose  besides  sum 
are:  relinquo,  deligo,  dico,  mitto,  venio,  habeo,  duco. 

5.  Among  the  commonest  Datives  of  Purpose  used  with  esse 
are:  auxilio,  curae,  detrimento,  fraudi,  lucro,  saluti,  im- 
pedimento,  odio,  praesidio. 


VOCABULARY. 


abode,  domicilium,  i,  n. 

aid,  subsidium,  i,  n. 

choose,  dgligo,  ere,  16gi,  ISc- 

tUB. 

common,  communis,  e. 
death,  mors,  mortis,  f. 
dwell,  incolo,  ere,  colui,  cul- 

tUB. 

hatred,  odium,  i,  n. 
hindrance,  impedlmentum,  i,  n. 


lack,  inopia,  ae,  f. 
loyal,  fidelis,  e. 
matter,  thing,  rSs,  rei,  f. 
nation,  natio,  onis,  f. 
neighboring,  fmitimus,  a,  um. 
period  of  life,  aetas,  Stis,  f. 
state,  civitas,  atis,  f. 
wealth,  divitiae,  §rum,  f. 
well-to-do,  be^tus,  a,  um. 


EXERCISE. 

1.  The  neighboring  tribes  are  friendly  to  the  Ro- 
mans.     2.  This  chieftain  has  many  lands  and  much 


The  Dative.  31 

money.  3.  The  name  of  the  man  whom  Caesar  placed 
in  charge  of  these  winter  quarters  was  Galba.  4.  We 
chose  a  place  suitable  for  a  camp.  5.  We  sent  as 
aid^  to  you  the  two  legions  which  we  considered 
most  loyal.  6.  They  chose  this  place  as  an  abode. 
7.  Death  is  common  to  every  period  of  life.  8.  In 
every  state  those  who  have  no  wealth  envy  the  well- 
to-do.  9.  We  have  many  shields  which  we  took  from 
the  Helvetii.  10.  This  place  was  not  suitable  for  a 
battle.  11.  The  lack  of  grain  was  a  hindrance^  to 
the  Komans.  12.  This  matter  will  be  (for)  a  care  to 
me.  13.  Men  who  injure  the  state  are  an  object  of 
hatred^  to  us.  14.  What  nations  dwelt  next  to  the 
Germans  ? 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  as  aid :  translate :  for  aid. 

2.  a  hindrance  :  translate :  for  a  hindrance. 

3.  an  object  of  hatred :  translate :  for  hatred. 


LESSON  XI. 

THE  GENITIVE. 

GRAMMATICAL  REFERENCES. 

1.  Genitive  of  Origin.     196. 

2.  Genitive  of  Material.     197 ;  A.  &  G.  344. 

3.  Genitive  of  Possession.     198.  1,  3;  A.  &  G.  343  and  b; 
H.  440.  1. 

4.  Subjective  Genitive.     199;  A.  &  G.  343.  N.  1;  H.  440.  1. 

5.  Objective  Genitive.    200;  A.  &  G.  347,  348;  H.  440.  2. 

EXAMPLES. 

1.  Marci  filius,  Marcus'' s  son. 

2.  talentum  auri,  a  talent  of  gold. 

3.  signa  decimae  legionis,  the  standards  of  the  tenth  legion. 

4.  libertatis  causa,  for  freedom"* s  sake. 

5.  amicitiae  gratia,  for  friendship'' s  sake. 

6.  manus  captivorum,  the  hands  of  the  prisoners. 

7.  stulti  est  haec  sperare,  it  is  (the  part)  of  a  fool  to  hope 
this. 

8.  angusti  animi  est  amare  divitias,  it  is  (characteristic) 
of  a  narrow  mind  to  love  riches. 

9."  metus  parentam,  the  fears  of  parents. 

10.  questus  mulierum,  the  laments  of  the  women. 

11.  studium  virtutis,  t?ie  pursuit  of  virtue. 

12.  memoria  bene  factorum,  the  recollection  of  good  deeds, 
lit.  of  things  well  done. 

32 


The   Genitive, 


33 


Remarks. 

1.  Causa  is  much  commoner  than  gratia  in  the  sense  on 
account  of,  for  the  sake  of. 

2.  The  Objective  Genitive  occurs  most  frequently  in  combination 
with  nouns  derived  from  verbs  that  govern  the  accusative ;  yet  by 
an  extension  of  usage  we  sometimes  find  the  genitive  used  with 
nouns  derived  from  verbs  that  govern  other  cases,  e.g.  consuetudo 
hominum,  intercourse  icith  men  (cf.  consuescere  cum  homini- 
bus,  to  associate  with  men) ;  excessus  vitae,  departure  from  life 
{cf.  excedere  e  vita,  to  depart  from  life). 

3.  The  Genitive  of  Possession,  as  compared  with  the  Dative  of 
Possessor,  gives  emphasis  to  the  possessor ;  the  Dative  emphasizes 
rather  the  fact  of  pmsession,  e.g.  hortus  mei  patris  est,  the 
garden  is  my  father's;  mihi  hortus  est,  I  possess  a  garden. 


VOCABULARY. 


attack,  impetus,  us,  m. 
bring  under,  redigo,  ere,  egi, 

actus;  construed  with  sub 

and  ace. 
character,  natura,  ae,  f . 
excuse,  excusatio,  onis,  f. 
fall  upon,  incido,  ere,  incidi; 

with  dat.  of  indirect  object, 
hear,  audio,  ire,  ivi,  itus. 
hope,  spes,  ei,  f. 
leave,    relinquo,    ere,    liqui, 

llctus. 


longing,  desiderium,  i,  n. 
memory,  memoria,  ae,  f. 
power,  potentia,  ae,  f. 
safety,  salus,  utis,  f. 
shower,  imber,  imbris,  m. 
stone,  lapis,  idis,  m. 
touch,     move,     moveo,     ere, 

movi,  motus. 
withstand,  sustineo,  ere,  ui, 

tentus. 


EXERCISE. 

1.  The  cries  of  the  women  and  children  were  clearly 
heard.  2.  We  shall  leave  these  centurions  (as) 
guardians  of  this  bridge.       3.  The  excuses  of  these 


34  Latin  Composition. 

men  seemed  empty  to  me.  4.  The  character  of  all 
states  has  ever  been  the  same.  5.  Whose  soldiers 
remained  loyal  ?  6.  Your  memory  of  us  will  touch 
our  father.  7.  A  shower  of  stones  fell  upon  the 
soldiers.  8.  Longing  for  you  never  leaves  me. 
9.  The  inhabitants  of  that  village  were  brought  under 
the  power  of  the  Gauls.  10.  The  Komans  bravely 
withstood  the  attack  of  the  Nervii.  11.  These  Gauls 
exhibited  great  contempt  for  us.  12.  We  saw  no  hope 
of  safety.  13.  For  whose  sake  did  you  assemble? 
14.  These  conspirators  were  impefled  by  a  desire  of 
regal  power.  15.  The  safety  of  all  Aquitania  rested 
on  the  valor  of  these  (men). 


LESSON  XII. 

THE  GENITIVE  {continued). 

GRAMMATICAL  REFERENCES. 

1.  Genitive  of  the  Whole  ('Partitive  Genitive')-  201 
entire  ;  A.  &  G.  316.  a.  1-3,  c,  e ;  H.  440.  o  and  N.,  441,  442, 
443. 

2.  Genitive  of  Quality.  203.  1-5;  A.  &  G.  345.  a,  6; 
11.  440.  3. 

3.  Appositional  Genitive.    202 ;  A.  &  G.  343.  d ;  H.  440.  4. 

EXAMPLES. 

1.  quinque  milia  passuum,  Jive  miles,  lit.  Jive  thousands  of 
paces. 

2.  quis  nostrum,  loho  of  us  ? 

3.  quid  est  causae,  what  reason  is  there  ? 

4.  unus  ex  amicis  nostris,  one  of  our  friends. 

5.  quot  vos  estis,  hoic  many  of  you  are  there  ? 

6.  pertuli  poenarum  satis,  I  have  endured  enough  penalties. 

7.  plus  mall,  7nore  mischief. 

8.  aliquid  illustre,  something  famous. 

9.  ubi  terrarum  eras,  where  in  the  icorld  were  you  f 

10.  vir  magni  animi,  a  man  of  high  purpose. 

11.  hujus  modi  consilia,  plans  of  this  sort. 

12.  porticus  treeentorum  pedum,  a  portico  three  hundred 
feet  long,  lit.  of  three  hundred  feet. 

13.  quanti  est  aestimanda  virtus,  how  highly  virtue  ought 
to  he  prized  I  lit.  of  how  m\ich  (value). 

35 


36 


Latin  Composition, 


14.  quanti  aedes  emisti,  at  how  high  a  price  did  you  buy  the 
house  f 

15.  illae  omnes  dissensidnea  erant  ejus  modi,  all  those  dis- 
sensions icere  of  this  kind, 

16.  n5men  pacis  dulce  est,  the  name  {of)  ^  peace '  is  sweet. 

Remarks. 

1.  Observe  that  the  Genitive  of  Quality  when  applied  to  persons 
is  properly  used  only  of  permanent  characteristics;  incidental  or 
transitory  qualities  cannot  be  indicated  except  by  the  ablative. 
See  Lesson  XVIII,  Remark  1. 

2.  Note  that  the  adjectives  most  frequently  employed  in  con- 
nection with  a  genitive  to  denote  quality  are  adjectives  of  amount 
(e.g.  magnus,  maximus,  summus,  tantus,  and  numerals) ;  ejus, 
hiijus,  etc.,  in  combination  with  modi,  also  occur  frequently. 


VOCABULARY. 


advance,  prSgredior,  i,  grea- 

BUS. 

courage,  animus,  i,  m. 

dead,  mortuus,  a,  um. 

dig  (a  trench),  duco,  ere,  du^, 
ductus  ;  literally,  lead,  run. 

eldest,  maximus  nStii ;  liter- 
ally, greatest  in  birth. 

embankment,  agger,  eris,  m. 

excellent, Sgregius,  a,  um. 

fifteen,  quindecim. 


greatest,  highest  (of  qualities), 

summus,  a,  um. 
hateful,  odiosus,  a,  um. 
more      (substantive),      plus, 

pluris. 
plan,  consilium,  i,  n. 
regard,  consider,  ezlstimo,  1. 
sell,  v6nd6,  ere,  vSndidi,  itus. 
slay,  occido,  ere,  cidl,  cisus. 
trench,  fossa,  ae,  f. 


EXERCISE. 


1.  We  climbed  a  wall  (of)  fifteen  feet  in  height.* 
2.  Who  of  you  was  moved  by  longing  for  us  ?  3.  Have 
you  more  money  now  ?    No.    But  I  have  land  enough. 


The  G-enitive.  37 

4.  How  many  of  these  men  remained  ?  5.  The  scouts 
were  of  good  courage  and  advanced  four  miles  into 
the  territory  of  the  enemy.  6.  One  of  you  was  absent 
(for)  three  days.^  7.  Four  thousand  cavalry  and  ten 
thousand  infantry  were  led^  across  this  river  yester- 
day. 8.  The  name  of  king  was  always  hateful  to  the 
Eoman  people.  9.  We  sold  this  booty  at  a  higher 
price.  10.  The  excuses  of  the  soldiers  are  of  this  kind. 
11.  Of  what  kind  were  these  plans  ?  12.  How  much 
money  did  the  eldest  of  these  brothers  lose  ?  13.  Gate 
was  regarded  (as)  a  man  of  the  greatest  justice. 
14.  Two  of  the  soldiers  were  left  dead.  15.  The 
soldiers  dug  a  trench  twelve  feet  deep'*  and  raised  an 
embankment  sixteen  feet  high.* 

The  Helvetii  Select  a  Route  into  Gaul. 

The  mountain  was  steep,  the  road  was  ^  narrow,  the 
river  was"'  deep.  On  account  of  the  great  difficul- 
ties, therefore,  the  Helvetii  were  not  able  to  go  by 
this  route,  but  chose  another  and  easier  (one),  which 
led  through  the  territory  of  the  Sequani.  These  were 
at  first  unwilling^  to  permit  the  Helvetians  to  pass 
through,  but  were  finally  won  over  by  gifts  and 
promises,  and  granted  the  envoys  of  the  Helvetii 
the  privilege  ^  which  they  had  so  earnestly  ^  sought. 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  in  height :  translate:  into  height. 

2.  three  days  :  see  Lesson  VII,  Remark  4. 

3.  See  Lesson  II,  Example  13. 


38  Latin  Composition. 

4.  twelve  feet  deep,  sixteen  feet  deep:  translate:  of  twelve  feet^ 
of  sixteen  feet. 

5.  Translate  was  but  once.    Place  it  at  the  end  of  the  sentence. 

6.  loere  unwilling :  use  n615. 

7.  privilege  :  use  potestas,  atis,  f . 

8.  so  earnestly :  tantopere. 


LESSON  XIII. 

THE  GENITIVE  (continued). 

GRAMMATICAL   REFERENCES. 

1.  Genitive  with  Adjectives.    204.1-3;  A.  &  G.  349  and  a, 
b,  385.  c  and  2 ;  H.  450,  451.  1,  2  and  N.  1,  3. 

2.  Genitive  with  memini,  reminlscor,  obliviscor.    206. 1,  2 ; 
A.  &  G.  350.  a,  h,c,d\  H.  454  and  1,  455. 

EXAMPLES. 

1.  semper  appetentes  glorias  atque  avidi  laudis  fuistis, 
you  were  always  desirous  of  glory  and  eager  for  praise. 

2.  vir  bell5rum  peritissimus,  a  man  most  experienced  in 
wars. 

3.  habetis  ducem  memorem  vestri,    you   have   a   leader 
mindful  of  you. 

4.  omnia  plena  liictiis  et  maerSris  fuerunt,  all  things  were 
full  of  mourning  and  sorroio. 

5.  fuit  hoc  quondam  proprium  populi  Romani,  this  was 
formerly  characteristic  of  the  Boman  people. 

6.  ipsa  calamitas  commiinis  est  utriusque  nostrum,  the 
calamity  itself  is  common  to  each  of  us, 

7.  tui  similis,  like  you. 

8.  hoc  non  veri  simile  est,  this  is  not  likely. 

9.  vivorum  memini,  I  remember  the  living. 

10.  Cinnam  memini,  I  recall  Ginna. 

11.  Epiciiri  non  licet  oblivisci,  we  cannot  forget  Epicurus, 

12.  meministis  ilium  diem,  you  remember  that  day, 

39 


40  Latin  Composition. 

13.  numquam  obliviscar  noctis  illius,  /  shall  never  forget 
that  night. 

14.  obliviscor  tuas  injurias,  I  forget  your  injunes. 

15.  reminiscens  veteris  famae,  remembering  the  old  report. 

16.  haec  reminiscitur,  he  remembers  this. 

17.  miilta  memini,  /  remember  many  things. 

Remarks. 

1.  With  memini  and  obliviscor,  personal  pronouns  regularly 
stand  in  the  genitive. 

2.  While  memini  and  obliviscor  take  either  the  accusative  or 
the  genitive  of  the  thing  remembered  or  forgotten,  yet 

3.  Note  that  neuter  pronouns  (as  haec,  ilia,  ea,  ista,  quae, 
etc.),  and  adjectives  used  substantively  (as  multa,  pauca,  omnia) 
regularly  stand  in  the  accusative. 

4.  Recorder  always  takes  the  accusative. 

5.  Reminisci  is  rarely  used,  especially  with  an  object  denoting 
a  person;  but  reminiscens  and  reminiscendi  regularly  supply 
the  missing  participle  and  geruud  of  memini. 

VOCABULARY. 


ancestors,  mSjorSs,  um,  m. 
cause,  causa,  ae,  f. 
characteristic  of,  proprius,  a, 

um. 
experienced    in,    peritus,    a, 

um. 
few,  pauci,  ae,  a. 


ignorant,  ignSrus,  a,  um. 
illustrious,  illustris,  e. 
law-court,  basilica,  ae,  f. 
military  matters,  rSs  militSris, 

rei  mHitSris,  f. 
sorrow,  maeror,  oris,  m. 
statue,  statua,  ae,  f. 


humanity,  hum&nit^s,  Stis,  f.    temple,  templum,  I,  n. 

EXERCISE. 

1.  Have  you  forgotten  all   the  things*  which  we 
heard?      2.  Justice  and  humanity  have  ever  been 


The   G-enitive.  41 

characteristic  of  the  Eoraan  people.  3.  You  are  not 
ignorant,  are  you,  of  these  customs  ?  4.  Those  who 
remember  these  wars  will  never  forget  the  bloodshed 
and  sorrow  of  which  they  were  the  cause.  5.  The 
Roman  Forum  was  full  of  temples,  statues,  and  law- 
courts.  6.  Labienus  was  regarded  as  experienced 
in^  military  matters.  7.  Those  things  which  they 
remember  are  of  small  (account).^  8.  We  remember 
few  things  concerning  this  siege.  9.  These  conspira- 
tors were  eager  for  power  and  wealth.  10.  Do  you 
remember  your  illustrious  ancestors  ?  11.  He  remem- 
bered us,  but  forgot  everything  else."*  12.  Why  are 
you  unmindful  of  your  country  ?  13.  When  will  you 
forget  these  controversies  and  dissensions  ? 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  all  the  things :  omnia  ea. 

2.  in  military  matters :  use  the  genitive. 

3.  of  small  {account) :  use  the  genitive  of  value. 

4.  everything  else:   translate:   all  other  things,  using  neuter 
form. 


LESSON  XIV. 

THE  GENITIVE  (continued). 

GRAMMATICAL   REFERENCES. 

1.  Genitive  with  admoneo,  commoneo,  commonefacio.    207 
anda, /;;  A.  &  G.  351 ;  H.  456. 

2.  Genitive  with  Verbs  of  Judicial  Action.     208.  1,  2,  a,  6; 
A.  &  G.  352  and  a,  353.  1 ;  11.  456  and  3,  4. 

3.  Genitive  with  Impersonal  Verbs.    209.  1 ;  A.  &  G.  354. 
b,c;  H.  457. 

4.  Genitive  with  misereor^  miseresco.    209.  2 ;  A.  &  G.  354. 
a;  H.  457. 

5.  Genitive  with  interest  and  re  ferf.    210;211.1-4;  A.& 
G.  355  and  a ;  II.  449.  1-4. 

6.  Genitive  with  Other  Verbs.    212.  1,  2;  A.  &  G.  356,  357. 
a;  H.  458.  2,3. 

EXAMPLES. 

1.  ipse  te  veteris  amicitiae  commonefacit,  he  himself  re- 
minda  you  of  your  former  friendship. 

2.  de  studiis  nos  admones,  you  remind  us  of  our  studies, 

3.  haec  te  admone5,  I  give  you  this  admonition. 

4.  Miltiades  proditidnis  est  accusatus,  Miltiades  was  ac- 
cused of  treason. 

6.  te  avaritiae  coarguo,  I  convict  you  of  greed. 

0.  majestatis  absoliiti  sunt  permulti,  very  many  have  been 
acquitted  of  treason. 

7.  capitis  damnatua,  condemned  on  a  capital  charge, 

42 


The   Genitive.  43 

8.  pecuniae  publicae  est  condemnatus,  he  ivas  condemned 
on  a  charge  of  embezzlement,  lit.  of  public  money,  i.e.  of  taking  it. 

9.  tertia  parte  agri  damnati  sunt,  they  were  condemned  (to 
pay)  a  third  of  their  land. 

10.  capite  damnatus  est,  he  icas  condemned  to  death. 

11.  me  tui  et  tuorum  liberum  miseret,  I  pity  you  and  your 
children. 

12.  me  stultitiae  meae  pudet,  lam  ashamed  of  my  folly. 

13.  me  paenitet  hoc  f  ecisse,  I  repent  having  done  this. 

14.  miseremini  ejus,  ptity  him. 

15.  hoc  rei  publicae  interfuit,  this  concerned  the  common- 
wealth. 

16.  nostra  interest,  it  concerns  us. 

17.  omnium  nostrum  interest,  it  concerns  us  all. 

18.  tua  parvi  refert,  it  concerns  you  little. 

19.  indigeo  tui  consilii,  /  need  your  counsel. 

Remarks. 

1.  Moneo  in  the  best  period  is  not  construed  with  the  genitive. 

2.  lu  Cicero  egeo  (with  perhaps  a  single  exception)  is  followed  by 
the  ablative  of  the  thing  needed ;  indigeo  at  all  periods  regularly 
takes  the  genitive. 

3.  In  Cicero  at  least,  —  and  probably  also  generally,  —  interest 
is  much  more  commonly  used  than  refert. 

VOCABULARY. 


ashamed,    it    shames,   pudet, 

pudere,  puduit. 
at  hand,  be  at  hand,  adsum, 

esse,  fui,  futiirus. 
concern,  it  concerns,  interest, 

esse,  fuit ;  refert,  referre, 

retulit. 
convict,  coudemuo,  1. 


cowardice,  ignavia,  ae,  f. 

crime,  scelus,  eris,  n. 

disaster,  clades,  is,  f. 

enter  upon,  ineo,  ire,  ii,  itus. 

error,  error,  oris,  m. 

escape,  trans.,  effugid,  ere, 
fiigi,  fugitiirus ;  intrans., 
evadd,  ere,  vasi,  vasum. 


44 


Latin  Composition. 


greatly,  mSgnopere. 
help,  assistance,  auxilium,  i,  n. 
remind,    admoneo,    Sre,    ui, 
itus. 


regret,    repent,    be    sorry,    it 
repents,  paenitet,  ere.ituit. 
traitor,  proditor,  oris,  m. 
treason,  proditio,  onis,  f. 


EXERCISE. 

1.  The  Gauls  often  repent  of  the  plans  which  they 
have  entered  upon.  2.  Vercingetorix  was  accused  of 
treason.  3.  It  is  of  great  importance^  to  us  to  escape 
these  dangers.  4.  These  soldiers  were  ashamed  of 
their  cowardice.  5.  We  pitied  those  Gauls  who  fled 
and  were  brought  back  to  Caesar.  6.  It  concerns  you 
and  me  to  remember  our  duty.  7.  All  good  men  will 
regret  this  decision.  8.  The  help  which  you  need  is 
at  hand.  9.  I  gave  you  this  warning.  10.  Do  you 
not  pity  these  men  who  have  been  convicted  of  treason  ? 

11.  Are  you  not  ashamed  to  have  spared  this  traitor  ? 

12.  No  one  who  had  been  condemned  to  death  escaped. 

13.  Will  this  man  repent  of  his  error  and  crime  ? 

14.  All  whom  it  greatly  concerned    were   present. 

15.  Caesar  has  often  been  accused  of  the  greatest 
cruelty.  16.  Who  will  remind  him  of  his  duty  ? 
17.  No  one  will  convict  him  of  theft.  18.  Why  did 
Divico  remind  Caesar  of  this  disaster  ? 


Sugrgrestions  on  the  Exercise. 
1.  i9  of  great  importance :  translate:  it  concerM  greatly. 


LESSON   XV. 

THE  ABLATIVE. 

GRAMMATICAL  REFERENCES. 

1.  Ablative  of  Separation.    214  entire;  A.  &  G.  400,  401, 
402.  a ;  H.  462,  465. 

2.  Ablative  of  Source.    215  entire ;  A.  &  G.  403.  a ;  H. 
467,  469.  1,  2. 

3.  Ablative  of  Agent.    216  entire;  A.  &  G.  405;  H.  468 
and  1. 

EXAMPLES. 

1.  liberamur  mortis  metu,  we  are  freed  from  fear  of  death. 

2.  Democritus  oculis  se  privavit,  Democritiis  blinded  him- 
self, lit.  deprived  himself  of  his  eyes. 

3.  qui  omnia  in  pecunia  ponet,  honore  carebit,  he  who  cen- 
tres everything  in  money  will  lack  honor. 

4.  urbs  niida  praesidio,  a  city  hare  of  defence. 

5.  urbem  a  i  tyranno  liberarunt,  they  delivered  the  city  from 
the  tyrant. 

6.  Caesar   proelio    abstinebat,    Caesar    refrained    from 
fighting. 

7.  a  terris  caelum  secrevit  deus,  the  god  separated  the 
heaven  from  the  earth. 

8.  Apollo  Jove  natus  est  et  Latona,  Apollo  was  horn  of 
Jupiter  and  Latona. 

9.  equestri  genere  ortus  est,  he  was  born  of  an  equestrian 
family. 

10.    uxorem  ducit,    ex  2   qua   natus    est   Themistocles,    he 
married  a  wife,  of  whom  was  horn  Themistocles. 

45 


46 


Latin  Composition, 


11.  Belgae  erant  orti  ab  Germanis,  the  Belgians  were  sprung 
from  the  Germans. 

12.  homines  a  spe  de^erti,  men  abandoned  by  hope. 

13.  de  his  rebus  per^  nuntios  certior  factus  est  Caesar, 
Caesar  was  informed  of  these  things  by  messengers. 

Notes  on  the  Examples. 

1)  Observe  that  libero  is  construed  with  the  ablative  with  &  (ab) 
when  the  reference  is  to  a  person. 

2)  The  Ablative  of  Source  is  accompanied  by  the  preposition  ex 
when  the  source  is  indicated  by  a  pronoun. 

3)  When  a  person  is  viewed  not  as  an  independent  agent,  but 
rather  as  one  through  whose  instrumentality  something  is  done, 
this  relation  is  expressed  by  per  with  the  accusative. 


VOCABULARY. 


await,  exspecto,  1. 

born,    be    born,    nascor,    i, 

n^tuB. 
defender,  dSfSnsor,  oris,  m. 
deliver,  libero,  1. 
desist,  desists,  ere,  destitl. 
disagree,  dissentio,  ire,  sSnsi, 

sSnsiim. 
exempt,  liber,  era,  erum. 


keep  away,  arceS,  6re,  ul. 
lack,  careo,  Sre,  ui,  itunis. 
meanwhile,  intereS. 
obstinacy,  pertinScia,  ae,  f. 
refrain,  abstineo,  Sre,  iii. 
shelter,  tectum,  i,   n.;  liter- 
ally, roof 
strip,  nfld5,  1. 


EXERCISE. 

1.  We  shall  await  our  cavalry  and  shall  meanwhile 
refrain  from  battle.  2.  The  walls  of  this  town  had 
already  been  stripped  of  defenders.  3.  Why  does 
Ariovistus  not  desist  from  his  obstinacy  ?  4.  These 
children  were  not  l)orn  of  me.  6.  No  fleet  was  seen 
by  those  who  had  assembled  at  the  shore.      6.  This 


The  Ablative,  47 

centurion  had  been  without  food  for  very  many  days. 

7.  The  Ubii  were  delivered  from  oppression  by  Caesar. 

8.  Caesar  had  been  cut  off  from  grain  and  supplies  by 
Ariovistus.  9.  Have  you  not  always  disagreed  with 
those  who  defend  these  acts?  10.  This  camp  was 
fortified  by  soldiers  of  the  tenth  legion.  11.  They 
stripped  one  of  the  soldiers  of  his  weapons.  12.  This 
man  was  kept  for  thr^e  days  from  shelter  and  food. 

13.  Romulus   was    born   of   Mars   and   Ehea   Silvia. 

14.  Were  these  young  men  born  of  you?  15.  He 
who  is   exempt  from   toil   lacks  the   fruits   of  toih 

16.  We  kept  the  enemy  away  from  these  redoubts. 

17.  He  was  informed  through  scouts  of  the  departure 

of  the  Gauls.       18.  Piso  was  born  of  a  very  noble 

family. 

The  Helvetii  Defy  Caesar, 

Our  ancestors  were  brave  (men),  and  we  are  all  like 
them.  They  once  defeated  an  army  of  yours  ^  and 
slew  its  commander.  We  have  decided  not  to  return 
to  (our)  homes,  but  to  press  on  ^  into  Gaul  and  secure 
new  abodes  and  fertile  lands,  which  we  greatly  need. 
We  shall  yield  neither  to  threats  nor  force,"^  but  shall 
fight  bravely  and  shall  win*  victory.  Remember 
these  words  of  ours.^ 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  of  yours  :  translate:  your. 

2.  press  on :  use  contend©,  ere,  endi,  entiun. 

3.  force:  use  violentia,  ae. 

4.  icin  :  use  pario,  ere,  peperi,  partus. 

5.  of  ours :  ti'auslate :  our. 


LESSON  XVI. 

THE  ABLATIVE  {continued). 

GRAMMATICAL  REFERENCES. 

1.  Ablative  of  Comparison.    217.  1-4;  A.  &  G.  406  and  a, 
407  and  c;  II.  471  and  1,  4. 

2.  Ablative  of  Means.    218 ;  A.  &  G.  409 ;  H.  476. 

3.  Ablative  with  the  Deponents,  utor,  fruor,  etc.    218.  1 ; 
A.  &G.  410;  n.  477.  I. 

4.  Ablative  with  opus  est.    218.  2 ;  A.  &  G.  411  and  a ;  H. 
477.  III. 

5.  Ablative  with  nltor^  innlxus,  fretus.     218.  3;  A.  &  G. 
431  and  a;  H.  476.  1,  3. 

EXAMPLES. 

1.  quid  est  in  homine  ratione  divinius,  lohat  is  there  in 
man  diviner  than  reason  ? 

2.  nihil  rarius  perfects  dratdre  invenitur,  nothing  is  more 
rarely  found  than  a  finished  orator. 

3.  Lepidus  quo  multi  fuerunt  duces  meliores,  Lepidus  than 
ichom  there  were  many  better  leaders. 

4.  ego  tibi  magis  deditus  sum  quam  tu5  fratri,  I  am  more 
devoted  to  you  than  to  your  brother. 

5.  plus   septingenti   capti  sunt,  more  than  seven  hundred 
were  captured. 

6.  tecum  plus  annum  vixit,  he  lived  loith  you  more  than  a 
year. 

7.  l&tius   opinidne   malum   disseminatum  eat,  the  evil  is 
more  widely  diffused  than  is  thought. 

48 


The  Ablative.  49 

8.  amici  neque  armis  neque  auro  parantur,  friends  are 
not  won  by  arms  or  by  gold. 

9.  ea  lenitate  senatus  est  usus,  the  senate  exercised  this 
indulgence. 

10.  hac  eximia  fortuna  fruitur,  he  enjoys  this  noteworthy 
fortune. 

11.  celeritate  opus  est,  there  is  need  of  speed. 

12.  liomd  ndn  gratia  nititur,  the  man  does  not  depend  on 
influence. 

13.  fretus  humanitate  vestra,  relying  upon  your  kindness. 

Remarks. 

1.  Cicero  in  his  Orations  (and  probably  also  in  his  other  works) 
confines  the  use  of  the  Ablative  of  Comparison  mainly  to  negative 
sentences  and  interrogative  sentences  implying  a  negative.  No 
other  writer,  however,  observes  so  strict  a  canon,  and  even  in 
Cicero  there  is  quite  a  percentage  of  exceptions.  The  ablative 
must  be  used  in  case  of  relative  pronouns,  i.e.  always  quo,  qui- 
bus,  — not  quam  qui.  On  the  other  hand,  when  the  comparative 
is  an  attributive  modifier  of  a  noun  in  an  oblique  case,  quam  is 
used,  and  the  proper  form  of  the  verb  esse  is  expressed,  as  verba 
Varronis  homiinis  doctioris  quam  fuit  Claudius,  the  words 
of  Varro,  a  more  learned  man  than  Claudius. 

2.  Note  that  utor  may  take  a  second  ablative  (either  noun  or 
adjective)  in  the  predicate  relation,  as  qu5  duce  utemur,  lohom 
shall  we  employ  as  leader?  eo  placido  uteris,  you  will  find  (lit. 
use)  him  tranquil.  The  sefeond  ablative  here  bears  the  same  rela- 
tion to  the  first  as  a  predicate  accusative  to  the  direct  object. 


baggage,  impedimenta,  oiiim 

n. 
baneful,  capitalis,  e. 
dear,  earns,  a,  um. 
exercise,  use,  utor,  i,  usus. 


VOCABULARY. 

get  possession  of,  potior,  iri, 
itus. 

impel,  impello,  ere,  puli,  pul- 
sus. 

influence,  auctoritas,  atis,  f. 


50 


Latin  Composition. 


like,  similis,  e. 
messenger,  nuntius,  i,  m. 
month,  mensis,  is,  m. 
need,  there  is  need,  opus  est. 


perform,  fungor,  i,  functus. 
seldom,  rSro. 
soon,  cito ;  comp.  citius. 
use,  treat,  find,  utor,  i,  usus. 


EXERCISE. 

1.  Nothing  was  dearer  to  Caesar  than  the  safety  of 
his  soldiers.  2.  How  did  the  enemy  get  possession 
of  our  baggage  and  camp  ?  3.  Caesar  exercised  his 
wonted  mercy  towards  these  tribes.  4.  These  two 
armies  fought  uninterruptedly  more  than  six  hours. 
5.  The  other  tribes  were  impelled  by  the  influence  of 
the  Veneti  and  detained  the  messengers.  6.  These 
*  soldurii  *  enjoy  all  privileges  in  common  with  ^  those 
to  whose  friendship  they  have  devoted  themselves. 

7.  Caesar  often  used  the  assistance  of  the  Gauls. 

8.  Nothing   is    dearer    to    these    men    than    liberty. 

9.  You  will  need  that  sword.  10.  You  have  per- 
formed the  duty  of  a  brave  soldier.  11.  These  tribes 
seldom  enjoyed  peace.  12.  A  large  part  of  these 
troops  arrived  sooner  than  expected.  13.  He  found 
you  braver  than  your  brother.  14.  They  are  im- 
pelled by  love  of  pleasure,  than  which  nothing  is 
more  baneful.  15.  Will. you  treat  the  Haedui  as 
friends,  the  Belgians, as  enemies?  16.  He  remained 
in  this  province  more  than  fifteen  months.  17.  You 
are  more  like  your  brother  than  (like)  your  father. 
18.  This  I  ask  relying  on  your  friendship. 

Sugrgrestlons  on  the  Exercise. 
1.  in  common  with :  flnft  cum. 


LESSON  XVII. 

THE  ABLATIVE  ^continued). 

GRAMMATICAL  REFERENCES. 

1.  Ablative  with  miscere,  j'ungere,  mutdre,  etc.     218.  5;  A, 
&  G.  413.  a.  N. ;  H.  474.  2. 

2.  Ablative  in  Special  Phrases.    218.  7 ;  H.  476.  4. 

3.  Ablative  with  Verbs  of  Filling  and  Adjectives  of  Plenty. 
218.8;  A.  &G.  409.  a;  H.  477.  XL 

4.  Ablative  of  Way  by  Which.    218.  9 ;  A.  &  G.  429.  a ; 
H.  476. 

5.  Ablative  of  Cause.     219  entire;  A.  &  G.  404;  H.  475. 

6.  Ablative  of  Manner.     220  entire  ;  A.  &  G.  412  and  a ; 
H.  473.  3  and  :N'. 

EXAMPLES. 

1.  inest  in  ejus  oratione  mixta  modestia  gravitas,  in  his 
diction  there  is  dignity  mingled  with  modesty. 

2.  bellum  junctum  miserrima  fuga,  war  joined  with  most 
wretched  flight. 

3.  pace  bellum  mutavit,  he  changed  war  for  peace. 

4.  hostes  proelid  lacessivit,  he  offered  battle  to  the  enemy, 
lit.  provoked  the  enemy  with  battle. 

5.  TuUia  carpento  in  forum  invecta  est,  Tullia  drove  to  the 
Forum  in  her  chariot. 

6.  castris  se  tenuit,  he  kept  in  camp. 

7.  Socrates  fidibus  canebat,  Socrates  used  to  play  on  the 
lyre.,  lit.  with  the  lyre. 

51 


52  Latin   Composition. 

8.  deus  bonis  omnibus  explevit  mundam,  God  has  filled  the 
universe  icith  all  blessings. 

9.  forum  armatis  militibus  refertum  viderat,  he  had  seen 
the  Forum  filled  icith  armed  soldiers. 

10.  Aurelia  Via  profectus  est,  he  set  out  by  the  Aurelian 
Way. 

11.  frumentum  flumine  Arari  navibus  subvexerat,  he  had 
brought  up  the  grain  in  boats  by  way  of  the  river  Arar. 

12.  ci vitas  Romana  avaritia  et  luxuria  lab5rabat,  the 
Roman  state  suffered  because  of  avarice  and  self-indidgence. 

13.  ardet  desiderio,  he  burns  with  longing. 

14.  meo  jussu  conjurati  per  forum  ducti  sunt,  at  my  bid- 
ding the  conspirators  were  led  through  the  Forum. 

15.  cum  virtute,  virtuously. 

16.  injuria,  unjustly. 

17.  magna  gravitate  loquitur,  he  speaks  icith  great  dignity, 

18.  vetere  pr5verbi5,  according  to  the  old  saying. 

Remarks, 

1.  With  Jung5,  conJungS,  and  misceS,  the  construction  of 
the  simple  ablative  occurs  chiefly  in  combination  with  passive  par- 
ticiples, jClnctus,  conjQ.nctus,  mixtus,  etc. 

2.  The  Ablative  of  Manner  is  best  restricted  to  abstract  words, 
such  as  celeritas,  digrnitas,  virttts,  prOdentia,  etc. 

3.  The  Ablative  of  Accordance  (see  Example  18)  appears  also  in 
such  expressions  as  meS.  sententift,  suis  mSrlbus,  su&  sponte, 
etc. 

VOCABULARY. 


change  (of  affairs),  rBa  novae, 

rfirum  nov&rum,  f. 
contented,  contentuB,  a,  um. 
efforts,  opera,  ae,  f. 
hitherto,  anteft. 


justly,  jare. 

keep  in,  confine,  teneS,  6re,  ut 
numbers,  multitado.  iiiis.  f. 
offer  battle,  proelio  lacessS, 
ere,     lacessXvI,     lacessl- 


The  Ablative,  53 


tus ;    literally,  provoke    by 

battle. 
opinion,  sententia,  ae,  f. 
pay,    pendo,    ere,    pependl, 

pensus. 


sally,  make  a  sally,  erumpo, 

ere,  rupl,  ruptus. 
tribute,  stipendium,  T,  n. 
trust,  confldo,  ere,  fisus. 
uprightness,  probitas,  atis,  f. 


EXERCISE. 

1.  The  enemy  trusted  to  ^  (their)  numbers ;  our  sol- 
diers to^  (their)  valor.  2.  We  shall  be  contented 
with  the  forces  which  we  now  have.  3.  Caesar,  who 
had  kept  his  soldiers*  in  camp  the  last  five  days,  now 
offered  battle  to  the  Gauls.  4.  By  Caesar's  efforts  - 
the  Sequani  were  relieved  of  the  tribute  which  they 
had  hitherto  paid  to  Ariovistus.  5.  These  boats  were 
quickly  filled  with  soldiers.  6.  The  Germans  trained 
themselves  in  this  kind  of  battle.  7.  These  soldiers 
returned  with  the  greatest  speed.  8.  We  justly  de- 
manded this  of  you.  9.  Most  of  the  Belgians  ap- 
proved these  projects  on  account  of  their  desire  of 
change.  10.  Will  you  not  trust  the  wisdom  of  these 
friends?  11.  The  cavalry  of  the  enemy  found  the 
ditches  of  the  Romans  already  filled  with  brushwood. 
12.  At  the  order  of  the  general  the  infantry  made  a 
sally  by  the  gates.  13.  In  my  opinion  he  who  lives 
uprightly  will  be  contented  with  his  lot. 

Caesar's  Answer  to  the  Helvetian  Envoys. 

I  have  not  forgotten  the  disaster  which  you  mention, 
or  the  wrongs  that  your  ancestors  inflicted  on  the 
Roman  people  many  years  ago.^    Nor  do  I  forget  your 


54  Latin  Composition. 

recent  acts.  Without  my  consent,*  you  have  attempted 
to  make  a  passage  through  the  province.  Besides 
this^  you  have  injured  the  Haedui  and  other  allies  of 
the  Roman  people.  I  cannot  grant®  these  things 
which  you  ask  (of)  me.^  Therefore  lay  aside  your 
folly,  give  me  hostages,  and  withdraw  to  (your)  homes. 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  Use  the  ablative. 

2.  efforts  :  use  the  singular. 

3.  many  years  ago :  translate  :  ago  by  many  years. 

4.  without  my  consent :  translate ;  /  being  unwilling ;  Ablative 
Absolute. 

5.  Besides  this :  praeterea. 

6.  grant :  use  concede,  ere,  cess!,  cessus. 

7.  which  you  ask  of  me :  see  Lesson  VI,  Example  6. 


LESSON   XVIII. 

THE  ABLATIVE  (conHnued). 

GRAMMATICAL  REFERENCES. 

1.  Ablative  of  Attendant  Circumstance.     221. 

2.  Ablative  of  Accompaniment.  222 ;  A.  &  G.  413  and  a ; 
H.473.  1;  474.  N.l. 

3.  Ablative  of  Degree  of  Difference.  223;  A.  &  G.  414;  H. 
479 ;  cf.  B.  357.  1 ;  A.  &  G.  424./;  H.  488. 

4.  Ablative  of  Quality.  224;  A.  &  G.  415;  H.  473.  2  and 
N.  1. 

EXAMPLES. 

1.  tuo  periculo  jubeo  libros  dari  Varroni,  /  bid  the  books  be 
given  Varro  at  your  risk. 

2.  res  pr5spere  gestae  sunt  auspicid  Ap.  Claudi,  affairs 
were  successfully  managed  under  the  auspices  of  Appius 
Claudius. 

3.  pace  tua  dixerim,  with  your  permission  I  would  say. 

4.  cum  exercitu  in  'Galliam  contendit,  he  hurries  to  Gaul 
with  his  army. 

5.  cum  duabus  legionibus  sequebatur,  he  folloiced  with  two 
legions. 

6.  magno  exercitu  profectus  est,  he  set  out  with  a  large 
army. 

7.  uno  die  longiorem  mensem  faciunt,  they  make  the  month 
one  day  longer,  lit.  longer  by  one  day. 

8.  paucis  post  diebus,  a  few  days  afterwards. 

9.  post  quadriduum,  four  days  afterwards. 

55 


66  Latin  Composition, 

10.  paucos  ante  annos,  a  few  years  before. 

11.  quo  plures  erant,  eo  major  caedes  fuit,  the  more  there 
were,  the  greater  was  the  slaughter. 

12.  erat  flumen  difficili  transitu,  there  was  a  river  difficult  to 
cross,  lit.  of  difficult  passage. 

13.  Catilina  fuit  ingenio  malo,  Catiline  was  (a  man)  of  a 
depraved  disposition. 

14.  Agesilaus  fuit  corpore  exiguo,  Agesilaus  icas  of  small 
figure. 

15.  milites  erant  bono  animo,  the  soldiers  were  of  good 
courage. 

Remarks. 

1.  The  Ablative  of  Quality  primarily  designates  qualities  which 
are  more  or  less  transitory.  The  observation  sometimes  made  that 
the  genitive  denotes  internal  qualities,  and  the  ablative  external 
ones,  is  not  sufficiently  exact.  In  the  phrase  hortatur  ut  bond 
animd  sint,  he  urges  them  to  he  of  good  courage,  the  quality  is  in- 
ternal :  yet  the  genitive  could  not  here  be  used ;  for  while  the  quality 
is  internal  it  is  transitory.  The  theoretical  distinction  between  the 
Genitive  of  Quality  and  the  Ablative  of  Quality  is  that  the  genitive 
denotes  permanent,  the  ablative  transitory  qualities.  Yet  where 
ambiguity  would  not  result  the  ablative  may  be  used  to  denote  a 
permanent  quality.  Thus  one  may  say  vir  summae  virtQtis  or 
summS.  virtdte,  a  man  of  the  highest  character. 

In  all  numerical  designations  of  weight,  dimension,  etc.,  the 
genitive  is  used. 

VOCABULARY. 


better  (adv.),  melius. 

break  (of  camp),  moved,  6re, 
mSvX,  motus. 

complexion,  color,  OrlB,  m. 

confusion,  tumultus,  tls,  m. 

frame,  corpus,  oris,  n. ;  liter- 
ally, body. 


huge,  ingSns,  entis. 
interval,  interv^llum.  I,  n. 
lead  back,  reduco,  ere,  dtlzl, 

ductus, 
light  (fair),  albus,  a,  um. 
loss,  damnum,  T,  n. 
nearer  (adv.),  propius. 


The  Ablative.  57 


noise,  strepitus,  us,  m. 
perceive,   sentio,    ire,    sensi, 
seusus. 


previously,  antea. 
strength,  vires,  virium,  f. 


EXERCISE. 

1.  Caesar  led  his  troops  back  to  camp  with  the  loss 
of  three  cohorts.  2.  They  broke  camp  with  the 
greatest  noise  and  confusion.  3.  Ten  days  previously 
he  had  crossed  this  river  with  all  his  troops.  4.  These 
men  were  of  the  greatest  bravery  and  steadfastness. 
5.  Caesar  followed  the  Helvetii  with  four  legions  at  a 
great  interval.  6.  The  nearer  you  are  ^  to  the  enemy, 
the  better  you  perceive  their  strength.  7.  The  Ger- 
mans were  of  huge  frames.^  They  had  light  com- 
plexions^ and  blue  eyes.  8.  You  will  set  out  with  all 
your  followers.  9.  Soldiers  who  are  of  good  courage 
will  resist  the  enemy  bravely.  10.  He  is  a  man  of  the 
greatest  uprightness.  11.  Two  days  afterwards  he 
returned  with  his  troops  to  Aquileia  in  Hither  Gaul.* 
12.  These  thwarts  were  two  inches  thicker.  13.  A 
council  of  all  the  Gallic  tribes  was  appointed  for^  a 
fixed  day  with  Caesar's  permission. 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  In  the  Latin  this  idea  is  expressed  by  means  of  absum, 
followed  by  ab  with  the  ablative;  literally,  the  nearer  you  are 
distant  from  the  enemy. 

2.  huge  frames :  use  the  singular. 

3.  had  light  complexions :  translate,  were  of  light  complexion. 

4.  to  Aquileia  in  Hither  Gaul:  see  Lesson  VII,  Example  8. 

5.  for:  in. 


LESSON  XIX. 

THE  ABLATIVE  {continued). 

GRAMMATICAL  REFERENCES. 

1.  Ablative  of  Price.     225 entire;  A.  &  G. 416,  417  and  c; 
H.  478. 

2.  Ablative  of  Specification.     226  entire;   A.  &  G.  418; 
H.  480. 

3.  Ablative  Absolute.     227.  1,  2 ;  A.  &  G.  419  and  a,  420; 
H.  489  and  1. 

EXAMPLES. 

1.  haec  omnia  signa  sestertium  sex  milibus  vendita  sunt, 
all  these  statues  loere  sold  for  six  thousand  sesterces. 

2.  quanti  has  aedes  emisti  ?  minimo,  *  at  what  price  did 
you  hay  this  house  ?  '     '  Very  cheap.'' 

3.  hi  agrimagno  veneunt,  these  lands  sell  for  a  high  price. 

4.  illi  agri  pluris  venierunt,  those  lands  sold  for  more. 

5.  Helvetii  reliquos  Gallos  virtute  praecedunt,  the  Helvetii 
surpass  the  other  Gauls  in  valor. 

6.  tu  temporibus  errasti,  you  made  a  mistake  as  to  the  time. 

7.  Ennius,  ingenid  maximus,  arte  rudis,  EnniuSf  greatest 
in  genius,  hut  clumsy  in  art. 

8.  omnes  exsilio  aut  mortedignos  judicavit,  he  judged  atl 
worthy  of  death  or  exile. 

9.  num  hominem  majdrem  natu  contemnis,  do  you  scorn  an 
older  man  9 

10.   M.  Messalla  M.  Plsone  cdnsulibus,  in  the  consulship  of 
Marcus  Messalla  and  Marcus  I'i.so. 

68 


The  Ablative. 


69 


11.  me  judice,  in  my  jzidgment,  lit.  I  berng  judge. 

12.  libidine  dominante  nullus  locus  est  temperantiae,  if 
lust  is  master,  there  is  no  place  for  self-control. 

13.  perditis   omnibus  rebus  virtus   se   sustentare  potest, 
though  everything  is  lost,  yet  Virtue  can  maintain  herself. 


Remarks. 

1.  Observe  that  in  Latin  the  Ablative  Absolute  largely  occurs 
where  in  English  we  employ  subordinate  clauses.  Of  the  various 
kinds  of  clauses  thus  occurring,  temporal  clauses  are  by  far  the 
most  frequent. 

VOCABULARY. 


across,  trans,  prep,  with  ace. 
alive,  vivus,  a,  um. 
blame,  culpa,  ae,  f. 
buy,  emo,  ere,  emi,  emptus. 
character,  mores,  um,  m. 
district,  regio,  onis,  f. 
horse,  equus,  i,  m. 
lay  waste,  vasto,  1. 
learn,   comperio,    ire,    peri, 
pertus. 


put  to  confusion,  perturbo,  1. 

quaestor,  quaestor,  oris,   m. 

sesterce,  sestertius,  i,  m.,  a 
Roman  coin  worth  about  five 
cents;  gen.  pin.  sestertium. 

talent,  talentum,  i,  n. 

unworthy,  indlgnus,  a,  um. 

worthy,  dignus,  a,  um. 


EXERCISE. 

1.  Having  laid  waste  these  districts^  he  led  his 
army  back  across  the  Rhine.  2.  We  bought  these 
weapons  at  a  very  high  price.^  3.  When  he  had 
learned  these  things,^  he  informed  all  the  tribunes 
concerning  his  plans.  4.  The  quaestor  sold  the  booty 
for  ten  talents.  5.  Who  will  consider  Dumnorix 
worthy   of  blame  ?       6.  We   bought  this   horse   for 


60  Latin  Composition. 

three  thousand  sesterces.  7.  Having  made  an  at- 
tack, the  enemy  quickly  put  our  soldiers  to  confusion. 

8.  You  shall  not  lack  assistance,  while  I  am  alive. 

9.  Are  those  worthy  of  honor  who  have  shown  them- 
selves unworthy  of  confidence  ?  10.  When  the 
camp  had  been  fortified  he  drew  up  his  line  of  battle. 
11.  In  the  consulship  of  Gnaeus  Pompey  and  Marcus 
Crassus,  a  great  multitude  of  Germans  crossed  the 
Ehine.  12.  This  centurion  surpassed  the  rest  in 
bravery.  13.  These  two  men  are  very  similar  in 
appearance  and  character.  14.  For  how  much*  did 
you  sell  these  lands?  15.  Having  occupied  this 
town,  he  stationed  a  garrison  there. 

Sugrgrestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  Use  the  Ablative  Absolute  la  translating  this  and  similar 
phrases. 

2.  at  a  very  high  price :  express  by  a  single  word.    Compare 
Exampleb  2,  3. 

3.  Translate  this  and  other  subordinate  clauses  in  this  exercise 
by  the  Ablative  Absolute. 

4.  for  how  much :  see  Example  2. 


LESSON  XX. 

THE  ABLATIVE  {continued). 

GRAMMATICAL    REFERENCES. 

1.  Ablative  of  Place  Where.    228  entire;  A.  &  G.  426.  3, 
427.  3,  429.  1,2;  H.  483 ;  485.  2. 

2.  The  Locative  Case.     232.  1,  2 ;  169.  4 ;  A.  &  G.  427.  3 
and  a;  282.  J;  H.  483;  484.  1,  2;  483.  2. 

3.  Ablative  of  Place  from  Which.     229  entire ;  A.  &  G.  426. 
1,  427.  1,  428.  a,  6;  H.  461,  462  and  3,  4. 

EXAMPLES. 

1.  in  urbe,  in  the  city. 

2.  in  Graecia,  in  Greece. 

3.  Carthagine,  at  Carthage. 

4.  Athenis,  at  Athens. 

5.  Curibus,  at  Cures. 

6.  Tarquiniis,  at  Tarquinii. 

7.  his  locis,  in  these  places. 

8.  tota  pr5vincia,  in  the  whole  province, 

9.  riiri,  in  the  countinj. 

10.  terra  marique,  on  land  and  sea. 

11.  Romae,  at  Borne. 

12.  Corinthi,  at  Corinth. 

13.  Rhodi,  at  Rhodes. 

14.  domi,  at  home. 

15.  humi,  on  the  ground. 

16.  Antiochiae,  eelebri  quondam  urbe,  at  Antioch,  once  a 
famous  city. 

61 


62 


Latin  Composition. 


17.  Albae,  in  urbe  opportuna,  at  Alba,  a  convenient  city. 

18.  ex  provincia  rediit,  he  returned  from  the  province. 

19.  ex  Syria  decessit,  he  withdrew  from  Syria. 

20.  Athenis  profectus  est,  he  set  out  from  Athens. 

21.  domo  fugientes,  fleeing  from  home. 

22.  Teanum  abest  a  Larino  xviii  milia  passunm,  Teanum 
is  eighteen  miles  distant  from  Larinum. 

23.  a  Gergovia  decessit,  he  withdrexo  from  the  neighborhood 
of  Gergovia. 

24.  Tusculo,  ex  clarissimo  oppid5,  from  Tusculum,  a  most 
famous  toimi. 

VOCABULARY. 


Britain,  Britannia,  ae,  f. 
country,  riis,  riiris,  n. 
distant,    be    distant,    absum, 

esse,  afui,  afuttirus. 
drive  away,  drive  out,  ezpello, 

ere,  pull,  pulsus. 
happen,  fio,  fieri,  f actus  sum. 
home,  domus,  us,  f. 
hurry,  contendo,  ere,  tendi, 

tentum. 


lead  away,  dediico,  ere,  diizT, 

ductus. 
on  all   sides,    from   all   sides, 

undique. 
pitch   (a  camp),    pono,    ere, 

posui,  positus. 
sixty,  sexaginta. 
transport,  transports,  1. 
vessel,   navis,  is,  f. 
withdraw,  d§ced5,  ere,  cessi, 

cessiiniB. 


EXERCISE. 

1.  Crassus  had  pitched  his  camp  in  Aquitania. 
2.  Many  brave  men  were  summoned  from  Toulouse 
and  Narbo.  3.  Vercingetorix  was  driven  out  of 
Gergovia,  a  town  of  the  Arverni.  4.  We  came  first 
to  Vesontio;  from  Vesontio  we  set  out  for  Alesia. 
6.  We  shall  hurry  from  Alesia  into  Aquitania. 
6.  The    Belgians    assembled    on  all   sides   from   the 


The  Ablative.  63 

country  to  Bibracte.  7.  Caesar  hurried  from  Aqui- 
leia,  a  town  of  the  Veneti,  into  Gaul.  8.  These 
things  happened  at  Octodurus,  a  village  of  the  Vera- 
gii.       9.  This  father  drove  his  son  away  from  home. 

10.  We  remained  three  days  at  Bibracte.  11.  Apollo 
and  Diana  were  born  at  Delos.  12.  Caesar  trans- 
ported his  troops  by  vessels  from  Gaul  to  Britain. 
13.  This  town  is  sixty  miles  distant  from  Toulouse. 

11.  The  Germans  live  in  villages.  15.  We  withdrew 
to  the  neighborhood  of  Geneva.  16.  When  will  you 
be  at  home  ? 

Liscus  Informs  Caesar  of  Dumnorix's  Influence. 

Dumnorix,  0  Caesar,  is  not  only  hostile  to  all  the 
Romans,  but  he  hates  you  especially.  For  by  your 
arrival  he  has  lost  a  large  share  of  the  power  which 
he  used  to  possess.^  But  he  still  has  very  great  influ- 
ence,^ and  is  the  leader  of  a  powerful  party,  which 
holds  him  in  the  highest  honor.  His  friends  would 
eagerly  avenge^  his  punishment.  Therefore,  in  my 
judgment,  you  must  spare  him."* 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  used  to  possess :  express  by  the  imperfect  tense  of  the  word 
for  possess. 

2.  has  very  great  influence:  translate:  avails  very  much  in 
influence. 

3.  would  avenge  :  use  the  present  subjunctive. 

4.  you  must  spare  him :  see  Lesson  IX,  Remark  2. 


LESSON   XXI. 

ABLATIVE  (continued). 

GRAMMATICAL  REFERENCES. 

1.  Ablative  of  Time  at  Which.    230. 1-3 ;  A.  &  G.  423  and 
1 ;  II.  486. 

2.  Ablative  of  Time  within  Which.     231 ;  A.  &  G.  423, 
424.  a;  II.  487  and  1. 

3.  Roman  Dates.    371,  372 ;  A.  &  G.  631 ;  H.  754 ;  755. 

EXAMPLES. 

1.  Castoris  aedes  eddem  anno  Idibus  Quintilibus  dedicata 
est,  the  temple  of  Castor  loas  dedicated  in  the  same  year,  on  the 
Ides  of  Jiily. 

2.  vota  erat  Latind  bello,  it  had  been  vowed  in  the  Latin 
War. 

3.  has  orationes  Ludis  scripsi,  /  wrote  these  speeches  at  the 
time  of  the  Games. 

4.  eorum  adventu  equos  Germanis  distribnit,  at  their  arri- 
val he  distributed  horses  among  the  Germans. 

6.   in  bello,  in  time  of  war. 

6.  primo  bello  Punico,  in  the  First  Punic  War. 

7.  tribus  hdris  Romam  venietis,  within  three  hours  you  will 
come  to  Home. 

8.  panels  diebus  revertar,  /  shall  return  within  a  few  days. 
0.   in  sex  mensibus  prdmissa  sunt  dacenta  talenta,  in  six 

months  two  hundred  talents  were  promised. 
10.   bis  in  die,  twic^  a  day. 

64 


The  Ablative. 


65 


11.  quadriduo  mors  Rosci  Chrysogono  nuntiatur,  within 
four  days  Boscius's  death  vms  reported  to  Chrysogonus. 

12.  ante  diem  octavum  Idus  Novembres,  on  the  6th  of 
November^  lit.  on  the  eighth  day  before  the  Ides  (strictly  the 
seventh  day  before  the  Ides,  which  were  the  13th). 

Remarks. 

1.  Observe  that  words  not  primarily  denoting  a  period  of  time, 
as  pax,  peace,  bellum,  loar,  commonly  require  the  preposition  in 
to  denote  time  at  which,  unless  they  are  accompanied  by  a  modifier 
(adjective,  demonstrative,  or  genitive).  Thus  in  bello,  in  war,  but 
primo  bello  Punico,  in  the  First  Punic  War. 

2.  In  bello,  in  war,  is  to  be  distinguished  in  meaning  and  use 
from  belli.  The  former  phrase  is  essentially  temporal  in  mean- 
ing,—  in  time  of  icar,  while  belli  is  rather  local,  and  means  in  the 
field;  it  occurs  almost  exclusively  in  combination  with  domi,  at 
home,  as  domi  bellique,  at  home  and  in  the  field. 

3.  To  denote  time  loithin  which,  in  the  course  of  which,  the  prepo- 
sition in  is  almost  invariably  employed  when  the  clause  contains  a 
distributive  numeral  (bis,  bini;  ter,  terni)  or  saepe. 

4.  Biduo,  tridu5,  quadriduo,  and  biennis,  triennio,  quadri- 
ennio,  are  regularly  used  instead  of  duobus  diebus,  duobua 
annis,  etc.    Compare  Lesson  VII,  Kemark  4. 

VOCABULARY. 


arrive,    pervemo,    ire,    vem, 

ventum. 
choose,  elect,  creo,  1. 
consecrate,  consecro,  1. 
consul,  consul,  is,  m. 
dedicate,  dedicS,  1. 
election,  comitia,  onim,  n. 
Ides,  idiis,  uum,  f. 
Kalends,  Kalendae,  arum,  f. 


March,  of  March,  Martius,  a, 

um. 
Nones,  Nonae,  arum,  f. 
recollection,  memoria,  ae,  f. 
spot,  locus,  1,  m. 
time,  tempus,  oris,  n. 
twice,  bis. 
watch,  vigilia,  ae,  f. 


66  Latin  Composition, 

EXERCISE. 

1.  The  Druids  assemble  in  a  consecrated  spot  at  a 
fixed  time  of  the  year.  2.  This  happened  within  the 
recollection  of  your  fathers.  3.  He  returned  home 
March  11th,  in  the  consulship  of  Gnaeus  Pompey 
and  Marcus  Crassus.  4.  This  temple  was  dedicated 
April  20th.  5.  At  this  election  Julius  Caesar  and 
Marcus  Bibulus  were  chosen  consuls.  6.  Within  a 
few  months  Caesar  set  out  for  ^  Gaul  and  arrived  in 
the  neighborhood  of  Geneva  in  seven  days.  7.  At 
that    time    the    Helvetii    were     threatening    Gaul. 

8.  April    5th    they    sent    ambassadors    to    Caesar. 

9.  Caesar  ordered  these  envoys  to  return  April  13th. 

10.  This  centurion  died  last  month  in  Britain.  11.  He 
will   set   out   from   this   camp   in   the  third   watch. 

12.  Twice  a  month  he  used^  to  send  letters  to  Rome. 

13.  I  received  your  letter  March  1st.  14.  Within  a 
few  hours  we  shall  return  home.  15.  These  two  men 
died  the  same  year. 

Suererestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  for:  use  in  with  the  accusative. 

2.  used  to  send :  express  by  employing  the  imperfect  tense. 


LESSON   XXII. 

SYNTAX  OF  ADJECTIVES. 

GRAMMATICAL  REFERENCES. 

1.  Adjectives  used  Substantively.     236-238 ;  A.  &  G.  288 
and  a,  b  ;  289.  a,  b ;  H.  494,  495. 

2.  Adjectives  with  the  Force  of  Adverbs.     239 ;   A.  &  G. 
290  ;  H.  497  and  1. 

3.  Special  Uses  of  the  Comparative  and  Superlative.     240. 
1-4  ;  A.  &  G.  291.  a,  6  ;  292  ;  H.  498  ;  499. 

4.  Adjectives  denoting  a  Special  Part  of  an  Object.     241. 
1 ;  A.  &  G.  293  ;  H.  497.  4. 

5.  Primus  —  first  who ;  ultimus  =  last  who  ;  etc.     241.  2  ; 
A.  &G.  290;  H.  497.  3. 

EXAMPLES. 

1.  secedant  improbi,  secernant  se  a  bonis,  let  the  had  with- 
draw^ let  them  separate  themselves  from  the  good. 

2.  omnes  stulti,  all  the  foolish. 

3.  omnia,  all  thing s^ 

4.  Caesar  suos  castris  tenuit,  Caesar  kept  his  men  in  camp, 

5.  homo  doctus,  a  scholar. 

6.  honestum,  virtue. 

7.  aliquid  novi,  something  new,^  some  news. 

8.  laeti  decedunt,  they  gladly  withdraw. 

9.  sublimis  raptus  est,  he  was  snatched  up  on  high. 

10.  Vespasianus  pecuniae  avidior  fuit,  Vespasian  xoas  too 
eager  for  money. 

67 


68  Latin   Composition. 

11.  ejus  auctoritas  vel  maxima  erat,  his  authority  was  the 
very  greatest. 

12.  contid  fuit  verior  quam  gratior,  the  speech  was  more  true 
than  it  was  acceptable. 

13.  extrema  hieme,  in  the  latter  part  ofiointer. 

14.  summus  m5ns,  the  top  of  the  mountain. 

15.  Cicer5  primus  philosophiam  e  Graecia  in  Latium  tra- 
duxit,  Cicero  was  the  first  to  transplant  philosophy  from  Greece 
to  Latium. 

16.  hanc  urbem  primam  adii,  this  xoas  the  first  city  that  I 

visited. 

Notes  on  the  Examples. 

1)  In  other  cases  than  the  nominative  and  accusative  this  idea 
is  best  expressed  by  means  of  res,  e.g.  omnium  rerum,  of  all 
things ;  omnibus  rebus,  hy  all  things.  Omnium,  omnibus, 
parvorum,  parvis,  and  similar  forms  would  be  ambiguous  iu 
gender. 

2)  Lit.  something  of  new,  —  Genitive  of  the  Whole. 

VOCABULARY. 


assault,  oppugnatio,  onis,  f. 
carry     (in),     Infer  6,      ferre, 

intuli,  iliatuB. 
desirous,  avidus,  a,  um. 
fortification,  munitio,  onis,  f. 
march      out,      Sgredior,      i, 

gresBUB. 
numbers  (iu  great  numbers), 

frequSns,  entis. 


only,  tantum. 
poor,  pauper,  erlB. 
speech,  or^tio,  oniB,  f. 
surrender,   trado,   ere,   didi, 

dituB. 
unwilling,  invituB,  a,  um. 
within,  intrS.  i)rep.  with  ace. 
wounded,  BauciuB,  a,  um. 


EXERCISE. 
1.  This  speech  was  regarded  by  all  as  rather  arro- 
gant.      2.  These  poor  men  are  desirous  of  many  things. 
3.  The  wounded  were  carried  within  the  fortifications 
by  their  comrades.      4.  We  have  heard  only  a  few 


Syntax  of  Adjectives*  69 

things  concerning  this  assault.  5.  Koman  soldiers 
often  went  eagerly  into  the  very  greatest  dangers. 
6.  What  news  have  these  messengers  brought  from 
Britain  ?  7.  Our  men  marched  out  from  camp  and 
carried  with  them  ^  all  their  belongings.^  8.  The 
Gauls  unwillingly  surrendered  themselves  to  the 
Eoman  commander.  9.  The  women  and  children 
assembled  in  great  numbers  on  the  wall  of  this  town. 
10.  You  were  the  last  (persons)  I  saw.  11.  At  the 
end  of  winter  Caesar  led  his  men  out  of  winter  quarters. 
12.  He  had  already  filled  the  middle  of  the  hill  with 
light-armed  troops.  13.  At  the  foot  of  the  mountain 
he  stationed  the  infantry  and  cavalry.  14.  After 
this  battle  the  Helvetii  were  in  need  of  all  things. 
15.  The  rich  often  forget  the  poor. 

Organization  and  Size  of  a  Roman  Legion. 
At  this  time  there  were  in  a  Koman  legion  ten 
cohorts.  In  each  cohort  were  three  maniples,  and  in 
each  maniple  two  centuries.  In  an  entire  legion, 
therefore,  there  were  thirty  maniples  and  sixty 
centuries.  Thus^  in  a  full  legion  there  were  six 
thousand  soldiers.  But  a  legion  was  seldom  so 
large.  Usually  it  was  much  smaller.*  The  legions 
of  Caesar's  army,  as  it  seems,  did  not  often  contain* 
more  than  three  thousand  six  hundred  ^  (men). 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  with  them :  use  the  reflexive. 

2.  their  helonyings :  in  Latin:  their  (things),  neuter  plural  of 


70  Latin   Composition. 

3.  thus:  itaque. 

4.  much  smaller:  translate:  smaller  by  much. 

5.  did  not  contain :  use  expleo,  ere,  evi,  etus,  literally,  fill 
out. 

6.  more  than  three  thousand  six  hundred:  see  Lesson  XVI, 
Example  5. 


LESSON  XXIII. 

PRONOUNS. 

GRAMMATICAL  REFERENCES. 

1.  Personal  Pronouns.  242.  1,  2,  4 ;  A.  &  G.  295.  a,  & ;  H. 
500  and  4. 

2.  Reflexive  Pronouns  244  entire ;  A.  &  G.  299  and  a,  300. 
1,  2,  301.  a,  h ;  H.  503  aud  3,  4 ;  504. 

3.  Reciprocal  Pronouns.    245;  A.  &  G.  301./;  H.  502.  1. 

4.  Hie,  tile,  Iste.  246.  1-5  ;  A.  &  G.  297.  a-c  ;  296.  a ;  H. 
505  and  1 ;  506.  1 ;  507  and  3,  4. 

EXAMPLES. 

1.  quis  vestrum,  who  of  you  f 

2.  dux  memor  vestri,  a  leader  mindful  of  you. 

3.  fortuna  omnium  nostrum,  the  fortunes  of  us  all. 

4.  se  diligit,  he  loves  himself. 

5.  Alexander  Clitum  familiarem  suum  interemit,  Alexander 
killed  Clitus,  his  own  comrade. 

6.  Metellus  legatis  persuadet  ut  Jugurtham  sibi^  trade- 
rent,  Metellus  persuaded  the  envoys  to  hand  over  Jugurtha  to 
Mm. 

7.  me  misit  ut  haec  niintiem  suae  1  uxori,  he  has  sent  me  to 
announce  these  things  to  his  wife. 

8.  suum  cuique  tribuendum  est,  to  each  must  be  assigned 
his  own. 

9.  nos  nostraque  defendimus,  we  defend  ourselves  and  our 
possessions. 

71 


72 


Latin  Composition, 


10.  inter  n5s  coUoquimur,  loe  converse  with  each  other. 

11.  pueri  amant  inter  se,  the  boys  love  each  other. 

12.  contr5versias  inter  se  milites  habuerunt,  the  soldiers 
had  disputes  with  each  other. 

13.  hoc  in  tua,  illud  in  deorum  mantl  est,  the  latter  is  in 
your  power ^  the  former  in  that  of  the  gods. 

14.  Themistocles  his  verbis  epistulam  misit,  Themistocles 
sent  a  letter  (couched)  in  the  following  words. 

15.  haec  ^  mea  culpa  est,  this  is  my  fault. 

Notes  on  the  Examples. 

1)  Sibi  aud  suae  illustrate  the  use  of  the  indirect  reflexive. 

2)  Haec  is  here  attracted  from  h6c  to  the  gender  of  the  predi- 
cate noun ;  such  attraction  of  the  pronoun  is  the  rule  in  Latin. 

Remarks. 

1.  Sui  is  regularly  employed  like  mei  and  tul  as  an  Objective 
Genitive.  To  indicate  the  whole  of  which  a  part  is  taken  the  Latin 
may  use  either  ex  se,  ex  suis,  or  suOrum,  e.g.  multSs  ex  sS  or 
multSs  suSrum  miserunt,  they  sent  many  of  their  oicn  mtmber. 

2.  Observe  that  in  such  expressions  as  inter  se  amant,  they 
love  each  other,  no  direct  object  is  expressed. 


VOCABULARY. 


barbarians,  barbari,  5rum,  m. 
congratulate,      grStulor,     1  ; 

governs  the  dative, 
difficult,  difficillB,  e. 
desire,  libido,  inis,  f. 
distribute,  distribud,  ere,  ul, 

atuB. 
easy,  facilis,  e. 
either,   either   one   (of    two), 

utervlB,  utravXs,  utnimvls. 


free,  libero,  1. 

honor,  honoro,  1. 

indulge,  indulged,  fire,  dulsl, 

dultdruB. 
love,  am5,  1. 
mindful,  memor,  oris. 
safety,  BalQa,  iltiB,  f. 
seek,  pet6,  ere,  IvI  or  11,  Itut. 
welcome,  grfttUB,  a,  um. 


Pronouns,  73 

EXERCISE. 

1.  The  latter  plan  is  easy,  the  former  (is)  difficult. 
2.  Why  do  you  envy  each  other  ?  ^  3.  This  is  the 
glory  which  we  have  long  sought.  4-  These  barba- 
rians were  congratulating  each  other„  5.  They  dis- 
tributed those  provinces  among  themselves.  6.  Why 
have  you  not  freed  yourselves  from  the  power^  of 
Ariovistus?  7.  They  indulged  themselves  and  all 
their  desires.  8.  The  Komans  lost  forty  of  their 
number^  in  this  battle.  9.  Have  you  been  mindful 
of  me  ?  No.  I  have  forgotten  you.  10.  Is  not  the 
safety  of  you  all  dearer  to  me  than  life  ?  11.  Who 
of  you  has  seen  these  deserters  ?  12.  Your  longing 
for   us   is   very   welcome   to    my  brother    and    me. 

13.  He   is   loved   and   honored   by  his  own  friends. 

14.  I  have  much  less  strength  than  either  one  of  you. 

15.  The   chiefs   of  these  tribes   gave   each  other  an 
oath. 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  Compare  Example  10. 

2.  poioer :  use  imperium,  i,  n. 

3.  See  Remark  1. 


LESSON  XXIV. 

PRONOUNS  {continued). 

GRAMMATICAL   REFERENCES. 

1.  Is.     247.  1-4;  A.  &  G.  297.  d-,  H.  508  aud  1,  2,  4. 

2.  idem.     248.  1,  2;  A.  &  G.  298.  6;  384.  N.  2;  H.  508. 
3,5. 

3.  Ipse.     249.  1,  2;  A.  &  G.  298.  c  and  N.  1,/;'h.  509. 
1,3. 

4.  Quis  (Indefinite).    252.  1 ;  A.  &  G.  310 ;  H.  512  and  1. 

5.  Aliquis.     252.  2 ;  A.  &  G.  311 ;  H.  512. 

6.  Quidam.     252.  3  and  a ;  A.  &  G.  310 ;  H.  512.  6. 

EXAMPLES. 

1.  in  eis  urbibus  quae  ad  se  ^  defecerant  praesidia  impdnit, 
he  puts  garrisons  in  those,  cities  which  had  deserted  to  him. 

2.  Metellus,  is  qui  multos  deterrnit,  Metellus,  he  who  de- 
terred many. 

3.  moram  sperarunt,  id  quod  assecuti  sunt,  they  hoped  for 
delay.,  a  thiny  which  they  attained. 

4.  num  earn  vidisti,  you  didnH  see  her,  did  you  f 

5.  nullae  me  fabulae  delectant  nisi  Plauti,  no  plays  delight 
me  except  those  of  Plautus. 

6.  exempla  quaerimus  et  ea  recentia,  we  are  seeking  prece- 
dents and  that,  too,  recent  ones. 

7.  nihil  est  llberale  quod  n5n  idem  justum,  nothing  is  noble 
ichich  is  not  likewise  just. 

8.  ego  idem  sentio  quod^  tu,  7  think  the  same  as  you. 

9.  ipsa  spes  eos  sustentabat,  hope  alone  supported  them. 

74 


Pronouns. 


75 


10.  a  multis  ipsa  virtus  contemnitur,  hy  many  even  virtue 
is  scorned. 

11.  ipsae  defluebant  cordnae,  the  garlands  fell  down  of  their 
own  accord.     • 

12.  se  ipse  continere  non  potest,  he  cannot  contain  himself. 

13.  si  quid  in  te  peccavi,  ignosce,  if  I  have  done  you  any 
injui-y,  forgive  me. 

14.  mulier  quaedam,  a  certain  woman. 

15.  timiditate  quadam,  with  a  sort  of  shrinking. 

16.  aliquid  divinum,  something  divine. 

17.  aliquis  dicet,  some  one  will  say. 

Notes  on  the  Examples. 

1)  Se  illustrates  the  indirect  reflexive. 

2)  The  English  'same  as'  is  regularly  expressed  in  Latin  by- 
idem  qui,  less  frequently  by  idem  ac  (atque) . 


VOCABULARY. 


defeat,  supero,  1. 

deliver  (a  speech),  habeo,  ere, 

ui,  itus. 
depend,    niter,    i,    nisus    or 

nixus  ;  governs  the  ablative, 
elevated,  excelsus,  a,  um. 
exploits,   res   gestae,    r§rum 

gestarum,  f. 
fear,  metuo,  ere,  ui. 


hope   for,   spSrd,    1  ;   governs 

the  accusative, 
immortality,       immortalitas, 

atis,  f. 
lofty,  altus,  a,  um. 
weak,  debilis,  e. 
where  (relative),  ubi. 
word,  verbum,  i,  n. 


EXERCISE. 

1.  We  saw  the  very  spot  where  Caesar  defeated  and 
routed  the  Helvetii.  2.  The  barbarians  have  in- 
jured this  bridge,  a  thing  which  we  greatly  feared. 


76  Latin  Composition. 

3.  Some  one  will  write  a  letter  concerning  the  same 
exploits  and  send  it  to  the  city.  4.  Certain  persons 
had  previously  been  informed  concerning  these  things. 
5.  We  set  out  from  the  borders  of  Gaul  with  one 
legion,  and  that  too  a  weak  (one).  6.  Do  you  praise 
your   own   selves?       7.  Why   do    you   envy   them? 

8.  Is  anything  more  praiseworthy  than  steadfastness  ? 

9.  Did  you  not  admire  their  ^bravery?  10.  Virtue  has 
in  itself  something  lofty  and  elevated.  11.  (There) 
dwells  in  all  a  certain  longing  and  hope  for  immor- 
tality. 12.  The  Koman  soldiers  depended  merely 
upon  valor. ^  13.  We  hoped  for  the  same  things  as 
you  (did).  14.  If  any  one  shall  see  you  here,  he  will 
admire  your  bravery.  15.  He  has  delivered  a  speech 
in  almost  the  same  words  as  I  used  myself.  16.  The 
town  itself  was  on  the  top  of  a  hill. 

The  Auxiliary  Troops. 

Besides  the  legionary  soldiers,  who  were  all  Roman 
citizens  and  were  heavily  armed,^  there  were  also  horse- 
men in  the  Roman  army.  The  allies  furnished  these. 
In  addition  there  were*  many  light-armed  soldiers,* 
among  these,  archers  and  slingers.  These  auxiliaries 
for  the  most  part  retained  their  own  weapons  and 
modes  of  fighting,  but  they  were  organized  *into  co- 
horts after  the  Roman  custom.' 

Suererestlons  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  <^c/r:  this  is  not  reflexive.    Use  the  gonltive  of  is. 

2.  merely  upon  valor :  translate :  upon  valor  itself. 


Pronouns.  11 

3.  heavily  armed :  translate:  of  heavy  armament. 

4.  in  addition  there  icere  :  translate :  {there)  were  added. 

6.  light-armed  soldiers :  translate :  soldiers  of  light  armament. 

6.  organized:  use  distribuo,  ere,  ui,  utus;  literally,  dis- 
tribute. 

7.  after  the  Boman  custom :  Ablative  of  Accordance. 


LESSON  XXV. 

PRONOUNS  {continued). 

GRAMMATICAL  REFERENCES. 

1.  Quisquam.     252.  4;  A.  &  G.  312;  II.  513. 

2.  Quisque.     252.  5 ;  A.  &  G.  313  and  a ;  II.  515. 
3-    Nemo.     252.  6;  A.  &  G.  314.  1,  2. 

4.  Alius,  Alter.  253.  1-3;  A.  &  G.  315  and  c;  H.  516 
and  1. 

5.  Ceteri.     253.  4 ;  A.  &  G.  315. 

6.  Reliqul.     253.  5 ;  A.  &  G.  315. 

7.  NescW  quis.     253.  6 ;  A.  &  G.  575.  r/;  H.  512.  7. 

8.  Uterque.     355.  2 ;  A.  &  G.  313 ;  II.  516.  4. 

EXAMPLES. 

1.  non  eguit  consilio  cujusquam,  he  did  not  need  the  advice 
of  any  one. 

2.  neque  quicquam  est  optatius,  nor  is  anything  more  de- 
sirable. 

3.  si  quicquam  fieri  potest,  if  anything  can  be  done. 

4.  peciinia  semper  a  clarissimo  qudque  contempta  est, 
money  has  ever  been  despised  by  all  the  most  distinguished  »nc;i, 
lit.  by  each  most  distinguished  man. 

6.   tertio  quoque  verbo,  at  every  other  word. 

6.  nemd  bonus,  no  good  man. 

7.  nerainem  probat,  lie  approves  no  one. 

8.  tribiinum  alii  gladiis  adoriuntur,  alii  fastibus,  some  at- 
tack the  tribune  with  swords^  others  with  clubs. 

9.  alter  absolutus  est,  alter  se  ipse  condemnavit,  the  one 
was  acquitted,  the  other  condemned  himself 

78 


Pronouns, 


79 


10.  alius  in  alia  re  est  magis  utilis,  one  person  is  more 
useful  in  one  thing,  another  in  another. 

11.  ceteri  Siculi  ultorem  suarum  injuriarum  invenerimt,  the 
rest  of  the  Sicilians  found  an  avenger  of  their  wrongs. 

12.  fecerunt  idem  reliqui,  the  rest  did  the  same. 

13.  reliqua  attendite,  listen  to  the  remainder. 

14.  nescio  quo  pact5,  somehow  or  other. 

15.  excogitavit  nescio  quid,  he  thought  out  something  or 
other. 

16-   apud  poetam  nescid  quern,  in  some  poet  or  other. 

17.  utraque  castra  bene  munita  sunt,  both  camps  were  well 
fortified. 

18.  uterque  horum,  each  of  these. 


Remarks. 

1.  Aliquis,  as  well  as  quisquam,  is  used  in  negative  sentences, 
though  much  less  frequently,  and  with  its  regular  force  of  some 
one.  Thus  non  eget  consilio  alicujus  means :  he  does  not  need 
the  advice  of  some  one,  i.e.  some  individual.  This  sentence  is  the 
negation  of  eget  consilio  alicujus,  he  needs  the  advice  of  some 
individual.  Non  eget  consilio  cujusquam,  on  the  other  hand, 
constitutes  a  move  general  denial,  —  he  does  not  need  the  advice  of 
anybody  {at  all) . 

VOCABULARY. 


blame,  culpo,  1. 

both,  uterque,  utraque, 
utrumque. 

each,  quisque,  quaeque, 
quicque ;  each  (of  two) , 
uterque,  utraque,  utrum- 
que. 

guard.  Gustos,  odis,  c. 

jump  down,  desilio,  ire,  ui. 

knowledge,  scientia,  ae,  f. 

no  (with  adjectives  used  sub- 


stantively), nem5,  defec- 
tive ;  dat.  nemini,  ace. 
nenunem. 

not  even,  ne  .  .  .  quidem, 
with  the  emphatic  word 
placed  between. 

opportunity,  facultas,  atis,  f. 

pass,  passes,  angustiae,  aruin,f . 

rashness,  temeritas,  atis,  f. 

seamanship,  res  nauticae,  re- 
rum  nauticarum,  f. 


80  Latin  Composition. 

EXERCISE. 

1.  Both  these  passes  had  already  been  seized  by  the 
enemy  a  little  (while)  before.  2.  On  account  of  the 
rashness  of  the  enemy  Labienus  hoped  for  some 
opportunity  of  battle.  3.  We  asked  each  of  these 
(two)  captives  concerning  the  plans  of  the  enemy. 
4.  Both^  answered  briefly.^  5.  This  tribe  surpassed 
the  rest  of  the  Gauls  in  knowledge  of  seamanship. 
6.  The  remainder  of  the  booty  was  left  in  the  other 
camp.  7.  He  was  eager  for  another^  opportunity. 
8.  Not  even  at  that  ^  time  did  any  one  withdraw  from 
his  post.  9.  He  called  to  him  *  the  chieftains  of  each 
tribe.  10.  Some  blamed  Caesar's  acts,  others  praised 
(them).  11.  He  will  place  a  guard  over  both  of  you. 
12.  The  soldiers  jumped  down  into  the  water,  some 
from  one  vessel,  others  from  another.  13.  No  good 
man  will  ever  defend  you.  14.  In  one  place  he  saw 
our  men  surrounded  by  the  enemy,  in  another  already 
put  to  flight.  15.  Somehow  or  other  we  saw  no  one 
outside  the  fortifications. 

Sugrgrestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  Both :  use  the  singular  of  uterque. 

2.  answered  briefly :  translate:  answered  a  few  (things). 

3.  The  genitive  of  alius  is  alterius. 

4.  that:  this  is  the  emphatic  word;  its  Latin  equivalent  should 
stand  between  nS  and  quidem. 

5.  him :  this  is  reflexive. 


LESSON  XXVI. 

TENSES   OF  THE  INDICATIVE. 

GRAMMATICAL  REFERENCES. 

1.  The  Present.    259.  1-4 ;  A.  &  G.  465,  466,  467,  469 ;  H. 
532  and  1,2,  3;  533.  1;  530. 

2.  The  Imperfect.     260.  1-4;  A.  &  G.  470,  471.  a-c;  H. 
534andl,  2,  3;  535.  1;  530. 

3.  The  Future.    261.  1,  2  ;  A.  &  G.  472  and  b ;  H.  536. 

4.  The  Perfect.     262.  ^  and  5 ;  A.  &  G.  473,  476 ;  H.  537. 
1,  2,  4. 

5.  The  Pluperfect.     263 ;  A.  &  G.  477 ;  H.  539. 

6.  The  Future  Perfect.    264  and  a ;  A.  &  G.  478 ;  H.  540 
and  2. 

EXAMPLES. 

1.  dum  vitant  vitia,  in  contraria  currunt,  while  they  try  to 
avoid  (some)  faults^  they  rush  into  opposite  ones. 

2.  te  jam  dudum  hortor,  I  have  long  been  urging  you. 

3.  Saturnalibus  munera  dividebat,  at  the  Saturnalia  he 
used  to  distribute  presents. 

4.  multitudd  terrebat  eum  clamore,    the  crowd    tried   to 
frighten  him  by  shouting. 

5.  jam  dudum  flebam,  1  had  already  long  been  weeping. 

6.  legates  interrogabat,  he  kept  asking  the  envoys. 

7.  Graeci  hanc  urbem  tum  tenebant,  the  Greeks  were  at 
that  time  holding  this  city. 

8.  multas  C.  Caesaris  virtutes  cognovi,  I  am  acquainted 
with  many  virtues  of  Gains  Caesar. 

81 


82 


Latin  Composition. 


9.   quern  ad  modum  consueverunt,  as  they  are  accustomed. 
10.   scribam  epistulam,  cum  redieris,  /  will  write  the  letter 
when  you  have  returned. 


VOCABULARY. 


accustomed,    be     accustomed, 

perfect  tenses  of  consuesco, 

ere,  suevi,  suetus. 
consult    for,     consulo,     ere, 

sului,  consultus  ;  with  the 

dative, 
hold,  teneo,  Sre,  ui. 
institution,  institutum,  i,  n. 
language,  lingua,  ae,  f. 
little,  paulum  (i),  n. 


long  time,  diu. 

look    down,     despicio,     ere, 

spexi,  spectus. 
low,  bumilis,  e. 
means,  resources,  plu.  of  fa- 

cultSs,  atis,  f. 
not  yet,  nondum. 
rule,  imperium,  i,  n. 
sea,  mare,  is,  n. 
unjust,  injuBtus,  a,  um. 


EXERCISE. 

1.  He  made  the  vessels  a  little  lower  *  than  (those) 
which  we  are  accustomed  to  use  on  our  sea.  2.  This 
lieutenant  always  used  to  consult  for  the  safety  of  his 
troops.  3.  We  were  at  that  time  holding  the  top  of 
the  hill  and  looking  down  into  the  valley.  4.  We 
do  not  yet  know  the  customs,  institutions,  and  lan- 
guages of  all  these  tribes.  5.  We  had  already  for 
a  long  time   been  reminding  you  of  these  dangers. 

6.  Why  did  you   not  keep   performing  your  duty? 

7.  He  will  be  writing  me  a  letter  when  you  come  to 
Rome.  8.  Twice  a  year*  these  tribes  assembled  at  a 
common  council.^  9.  The  defenders  of  this  town 
tried  to  keep  our  men  away  from  the  wall  and  gate. 


Tenses  of  the  Indicativeo  83 

10.  Among  the  Belgians  the  regal  power  used  to  be 
seized  by  those  who  hati  large  means.  11.  These 
men  have  already  for  a  long  time  been  complaining 
of  the  unjust  rule  of  the  Roman  people.  12.  The 
Romans  were  not  acquainted  with  "the  harbors  of  those 
districts  where  they  were  about  to  wage  war. 

Sugg^estions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  a  little  lower :  Le.  lower  by  a  little. 

2.  twice  a  year :  see  Lesson  XXI,  Example  10. 

3.  at  a  common  council :  in  Latin,  to  a  common  council. 


LESSON  XXVII. 

HORTATORY,     JUSSIVE,    PROHIBITIVE,     DELIBERATIVE,    AND 
CONCESSIVE    SUBJUNCTIVE. 

GRAMMATICAL  REFERENCES. 

1.  Hortatory  Subjunctive.     274 ;  A.  &  G.  439 ;  H.  559.  1. 

2.  Jussive  Subjunctive.     275 ;  A.  &  G.  439 ;  H.  559.  2. 

3.  Prohibitions.     276  and  c ;  A.  &  G.  450 ;  H.  561.  1,  2. 

4.  Deliberative  Subjunctive.     277  and  a ;  A.  &  G.  444 ;  H. 
559.  4. 

5.  Concessive  Subjunctive.     278 ;  A.  &  G.  440 ;  II.  559.  3. 

EXAMPLES. 

1.  fastidium  arrogantiamque  fugiamus,  let  us  avoid  pride 
and  arrogance. 

2.  ne  difficilia  optemus,  let  us  not  wish  for  what  is  difficult. 

3.  suum  quisque  ndscat  ingenium,  let  each  one  learn  his 
own  natural  ability. 

4.  ceteros  pudeat,  let  the  others  be  ashamed. 

6.   ne  attingant  rem  publicam,  let  them  not  touch  the  state  ! 

6.  noli  haec  putare,  do  not  think  this  f 

7.  ndlite,  judices,  hunc  hominem  condemnare,  do  not  con- 
demn this  man,  judges. 

8.  quid  faciam,  what  am  I  to  do! 

9.  quid  facerem,  what  ims  I  to  do! 

10.  C.  Cornelium  non  defenderem,  was  I  not  to  defend  Oaius 
Cornelius  f 

11.  me  autem  quid  pudeat,  but  why  should  I  be  ashamed  I 

84 


The  Subjunctive, 


85 


12.  sit  hoc  verum,  granted  that  this  is  true. 

13.  ne  sit  summum  malum  dolor,  malum  certe  est,  granting 
that  pain  is  not  the  greatest  evil,  at  any  rate  it  is  an  evil. 

Remarks. 

1.  Observe  that  ne  with  the  2d  singular  present  or  perfect  sub- 
junctive is  an  unusual  form  of  expressing  a  prohibition  in  prose, 
and  one  not  to  be  imitated  in  the  writing  of  Latin.    See  276,  a,  b. 

2,  Cave,  cave  ne,  with  the  subjunctive  are  likewise  infrequent 
in  standard  prose.    Fac  ne  is  colloquial  only. 


VOCABULARY. 


avenge,  ulciscor,  i,  ultus. 
betray,  prodo,  ere,  didi,  ditus. 
deed,  factum,  i,  n. 
deprive,  privo,  1. 
eagle,  aquila,  ae,  f. 
injurious,  be  injurious,  noceo, 

ere,  ui,  itiinis. 
know   (be  aware),  scio,   ire, 

ivi,  itus. 


neglect,   neglego,    ere,   lezi, 

lectus. 
once,  at  once,  statim. 
right,  rectus,  a,  um. 
think,  regard,  existimo,  1. 
victory,  victoria,  ae,  f. 
while,  dum. 
win,  earn,  mereo,  ere,  ui,  itus. 


EXERCISE. 

1.  Let  them  withdraw  from  this  place,  while  there 
is  opportunity,  and  betake  themselves  to  the  legion. 
2.  Let  us  remember  the  brave  deeds  of  our  ancestors, 
and  let  us  avenge  these  wrongs.  3.  Were  we  not  to 
hold  this  hill  and  keep  the  enemy  away  from  the 
camp  ?  4.  Do  not  deprive  the  soldiers  of  the  prizes 
which  they  have  won  by  their  recent  victories !  5.  Let 
him  not  think  us  unworthy  of  confidence !  6.  Why 
should  we  longer  indulge  this  hope  ?      7.  How  was  I 


86  Latin   Composition. 

to  know  that?  8.  Why  should  I  honor  those  who 
neglect  what  is  right  and  honorable^?  9.  Do  not, 
0  soldiers,  do  those  things  which  ^  are  injurious  both 
to  yourselves  and  to  your  country.  10.  Let  each  one 
jump  down  from  the  vessel  into  the  water!  Let  no 
one^  betray  the  eagle  to  the  enemy!  11.  Let  them 
not  neglect  their  own  danger  for  the  sake  of  our 
safety!  12.  Let  us  withdraw  at  once  to  Vesontio 
and  place  the  legions  in  winter  quarters  there ! 

Aiiovlstus  Appears  in  Gaul. 

Ariovistus  led  a  multitude  of  Germans  across  the 
Rhine  and  settled  them  on  the  lands  of  the  Sequani. 
Afterwards  other  Germans  came,  until  there  were  one 
hundred  and  twenty  thousand  (of  them)  in  Gaul.  The 
more  ^  Germans  came,  the  more  *  lands  the  Gauls  were 
forced  to  relinquish.  Ariovistus  had  already  occu- 
pied a  third*  of  the  Sequanian  territory,  and  was 
ordering  the  Sequani  to  relinquish  a  second®  third, 
when  the  Gauls  in  a  common  council  sought  aid  from 
Caesar. 

Sugrerestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  wliat  is  right  and  honorable :  express  by  the  neuter  plural  of 
the  adjectives  used  substantively,  —  right  and  honorable  (things), 

2.  those  things  which :  ea  quae. 

3.  no  one:  in  the  Volitive  uses  of  the  subjunctive,  no  one  is 
expressed  by  n6  quia. 

4.  the  (more)  .  .  .  the  (more) :  express  by  quO  .  .  .  eO.  See 
Lesson  XVIII,  Example  11. 

5.  third :  use  tertia  pars. 

G.  second :  use  alter,  a,  um. 


LESSON   XXVIII. 

THE  OPTATIVE  AND  POTENTIAL  SUBJUNCTIVE.      THE 
IMPERATIVE. 

GRAMMATICAL  REFERENCES. 

1.  The  Optative  Subjunctive.    279. 1, 2 ;  A.  &  G.  441,  442 ; 
H.  558  and  1,  2. 

2.  The  Potential  Subjunctive.     280.  1,  2,  3;  A.  &  G.  446, 
447.  1-3  ;  H.  552,   555. 

3.  The  Imperative.    281  and  1 ;  A.  &  G.  448,  449;  H.  560 
and  4. 

EXAMPLES. 

1.  quod  di  5men  avertant,  may  the  gods  avert  this  omen  I 

2.  utinam  res  publica  stetisset,  would  that  the  republic  had 
stood  ! 

3.  utinam,  Quirites,  virorum  fortium  cdpiam  tantam 
haberetis,  would,  O  Bomans^  that  you  had  so  great  an  abun- 
dance of  brave  men  ! 

4.  quaerat  quispiam,  some  one  may  ask. 

5.  dixerit  aliquis,  some  one  may  say. 

6.  vix  verisimile  videatur,  it  would  hardly  seem  likely. 

7.  Ciceronem  cuicumque  Graecorum  fortiter  opposuerim, 
I  should  boldly  match  Cicero  with  any  one  of  the  Greeks. 

8.  hoc  sine  uUa  dubitatione  cdnfirmaverim,  this  I  should 
affirm  without  any  hesitation. 

9.  videres,  one  could  see,  you  could  have  seen. 

10.  in  exsilium  proficiscere,  go  forth  into  exile. 

11.  rem  vobis  proponam  :  v6s  eam  penditote,  I  will  lay  the 
matter  before  you :  do  you  consider  it. 

87 


88 


Latin  Composition. 


12.   consules  summum  jus  habento,   let    the  constils  have 
supreme  power. 

VOCABULARY. 


answer,  make  answer,  respon- 

deo,  ere,  spondi,  sponsus. 
bring     upon,     infero,     ferre, 

intuli,  illatus  ;  takes  ace.  of 

direct    object,    and    dat.   of 

indirect, 
build,     struo,     ere,     strlizi, 

Btructus. 
delay,  moror,  1. 
disembark,  g  navi  Sgredior, 

I,  gressus  ;  literally,  step  out 

from  the  ship. 


easily,  facile. 

inherit,  receive,  accipid,  ere, 

cSpi,  ceptus. 
linger,  moror,  1. 
remain  vacant,  vaco,  1. 
return,  reditus,  us,  m. 
route,  iter,  itineris,  n. 
short,  brevis,  e. 
space,  spatium,  i,  n. 
storm,  tempestas,  Itis,  f. 
without,  sine,  prep,  with  abl 


EXERCISE. 

1.  The  districts  from  which  the  Helvetii  marched 
out  shall  not  remain  vacant !  2.  Would  that  storms 
had  not  delayed  the  return  of  the  soldiers  !  3.  With- 
out great  hope  of  victory  Caesar  would  not  have  dis- 
embarked. 4.  Would  that  another  route  were  left  to 
us !  5.  May  they  not  bring  war  on  us  or  our  allies  ! 
6.  No  one  would  easily  build  so  large  a  camp  in  a 
shorter  space  of  time.  7.  May  we  long  enjoy  these 
blessings.  8.  No  honest  man  would  regard  these 
soldiers  (as)  worthy  of  praise  and  honor.  9.  May  he 
return  safe  and  sound  from  Geneva  to  Rome! 
10.  Make  answer  to  all  those  things*  which  I  shall 
ask  you  concerning  this  man.  11.  Would  that  we 
had  retained  the  excellent  customs  and  strict  discipline 


The   Optative  and  Potential  Subjunctive,      89 

which  we  inherited  from  our  ancestors  !  12.  Would 
that  you  had  not  lingered  more  than  three  days  ^  in  the 
neighborhood  of  Geneva! 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  to  those  things  :  ad  ilia. 

2.  more  than  three  days :  see  Lesson  XVI,  Examples  5  and  6. 


LESSON  XXIX. 

PURPOSE  CLAUSES. 

GRAMMATICAL  REFERENCES. 

1.  Purpose  Clauses  with  wf,  /le,  quo.  282.  1.  a-e ;  A.  &  G. 
531.  1  and  a;  H.  568  and  7. 

2.  Relative  Clauses  of  Purpose.  282.  2;  A.  &  G.  531.  2; 
H.  590. 

3.  Relative  Clauses  with  dlgnus,  indlgnus,  idoneus.  282. 
3;  A.  &G.  535./;  II.  591.  7. 

4.  Sequence  of  Tenses.  267.  1-3 ;  268.  1,  3 ;  A.  &  G.  482. 
1,  2,  483,  485.  a,  e ;  H.  543-546. 

EXAMPLES. 

1.  Lentulus  in  ea  loca  missus  est,  ut  privates  agros  coeme- 
ret,  Lentulus  was  sent  to  those  places  to  purchase  private  lands. 

2.  pecuniam  dedit  ne  condemnaretur,  he  gave  money  that 
he  might  not  be  condemned. 

3.  portas  clausit  ne  quam  oppidan!  injuriam  aceiperent,  he 
closed  the  gates,  that  the  townspeople  might  not  receive  any 
injury. 

4.  PompejuB  portas  obstruit,  qu5  facilius  impetum  tarda- 
ret,^  Pompey  blocked  the  gates  that  he  might  the  more  easily 
impede  the  attack. 

6.  nt  n5n  ejectns  ad  aliends  sed  invitatus  ad  tuos  videaris, 
that  you  may  seem  not  driven  out  among  strangers  but  invited 
to  your  own  friends. 

6.  profugit,  ne  caperetur  neve  interficeretor,  he  fled  that  he 
might  not  be  captured  or  killed. 

eo 


Purpose  Clauses. 


91 


7.  creant  decern  praet5res  qui  exercitui  praeessent,i  they 
appoint  ten  generals  to  command  the  army. 

8.  digni  sunt  qui  civitate  ddnentur,  they  are  worthy  to  he 
presented  icith  citizenship. 

9.  veni  ut  te  certiorem  facerein,^  /  have  come  to  inform  you. 

Notes  on  the  Examples. 

1)  Note  the  secondary  sequence  after  the  historical  present. 

2)  Note  the  secondary  sequence  after  the  present  perfect. 


Remarks. 

1.  Note  that  the  Latin  uses  ne  quis,  in  order  that  no  one ;  ne 
quid,  in  order  that  nothing ;  ne  ullus,  ne  qui,  in  order  that  no; 
similarly,  ne  usquam,  ne  quando,  ne  unquam. 

2.  Observe  the  occasional  use  of  purpose  clauses,  as  in  English 
to  denote  the  purpose  with  which  a  statement  is  made,  as,  ne 
timeas,  incolumis  est,  that  you  may  have  no  fears  (I  will  say) 
he  is  safe. 

VOCABULARY. 


appoint,   constituo,    ere,   m, 

utus. 
complete,  perficio,  ere,  feci, 

fectus. 
conduct,     gero,     ere,    gessi, 

gestus. 
fit,  idoneuB,  a,  um. 
guard,  custos,  odis,  c. 
happen,  accido,  ere,  i. 


imitate,  imitor,  1. 

lessen,  minu5,  ere,  ui,  utus. 

protect,  tueor,  eri. 

say,  dico,  ere,  dixi,  dictus. 

strong,  validus,  a,  um. 

understand,     intellego,     ere, 

lexi,  lectus. 
uprightly,  honeste. 


EXERCISE. 

1.  Tljat  the  barbarians  might  better  understand  our 
commands,  we  sent  envoys  to  them.       2.  The  bravery 


92  Latin  Composition, 

of  these  soldiers  is  worthy  of  your  imitation.* 
3.  That  these  dangers  may  be  lessened,  we  are  sta- 
tioning strong  guards  about  the  camp.  4.  We  re- 
mained at  home  that  these  things  might  not  happen. 
5.  I  sent  a  letter  to  your  friend,  in  order  to  inform 
him  concerning  your  departure.  6.  I  have  always 
conducted  myself  uprightly,  that  you  might  not  judge 
me  unworthy  of  confidence  or  deprive  me  of  your 
friendship.  7.  The  commentaries  of  Caesar  are  suit- 
able for  reading  ^  by  you  all.  8.  Caesar  left  Crassus 
(as)  his  lieutenant  to  complete  these  things.  9.  I 
had  this  to  say  concerning  the  customs  and  institu- 
tions of  the  Gauls  and  Germans.  10.  That  the  citi- 
zens may  not  fear,  I  have  appointed  guards  to  protect 
their  lives  and  fortunes.  11.  Labienus  was  a  fit  man 
for  Caesar  to  place  in  charge  of  the  winter  quarters. 
12.  That  no  one  ^  might  be  absent,  I  sent  letters  to  all. 

Sugrsrestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  worthy  of  your  imitation :  i.e.  worthy  for  you  to  imitate, 

2.  suitable  for  reading :  i.e.  suitable  to  be  read. 

3.  that  no  one :  see  Remark  1. 


LESSON   XXX. 

CLAUSES  OF  CHARACTERISTIC.      CLAUSES  OF  RESULT. 

GRAMMATICAL  REFERENCES. 

1.  Simple  Clauses  of  Characteristic.  283.  1,  2;  A.  &  G. 
535  and  rt,  6;  H.  591.  1,  5. 

2.  Clauses  of  Characteristic  denoting  Cause  (since)  or  Op- 
position (though).  283.  3;  A.  &  G.  535.  e;  H.  592  and  1; 
593.  2. 

3.  Clauses  of  Characteristic  introduced  by  quln.  283.  4; 
A.  &  G.  559.  2 ;  H.  594.  II.  2,  end,  595.  4. 

4.  Idiomatic  Expressions.  283.  5;  A.  &  G.  535.  d;  H. 
591.  3. 

5.  Clauses  of  Result  introduced  by  ut  and  uf  non.  284. 1 ; 
A.  &  G.  537  and  1;  H.  570. —  For  Sequence  of  Tenses  in 
Result  Clauses,  see  268.  6;  A.  &  G.  485.  c;  H.  550. 

6.  Relative  Clauses  of  Result.  284.  2;  A.  &  G.  537.  2; 
H.  591.  2. 

7.  Result  Clauses  introduced  by  quln.  284.  3;  A.  &  G. 
559.  1 ;  H.  594.  II. 

EXAMPLES. 

1.  multi  invent!  sunt,  qui  summum  malum  dolorem  dice- 
rent,  many  have  been  found  who  declared  pain  the  greatest  ill. 

2.  quis  est  qui  somniis  pareat,  who  is  there  that  heeds 
dreams  ? 

3.  sapientia  est  una  quae  maestitiam  pellat,  philosophy  is 
the  only  thing  that  dispels  sorrow. 


94 


Latin   Composition. 


4.  6  magna  vis  veritatis  quae  se  ipsa  defendat,  oh  the 
mighty  power  of  truths  since  it  defends  itself! 

5.  hie  qui  in  coUegio  sacerd5tuni  esset,  tamen  est  condem- 
natus,  this  man,  though  he  was  in  the  college  of  priests,  was 
nevertheless  condemned. 

6.  nulla  natura  est  quin  suam  vim  retineat,  there's  no 
nature  that  doesnH  retain  its  native  force. 

7.  Epicurus  se  unus,  quod  sciam,  sapientem  professus  est, 
Epicurus  alone,  so  far  as  I  know,  set  up  for  a  philosopher'. 

8.  multis  vulneribus  confectus  est  ut  jam  se  sustinere  non 
posset,  he  was  exhausted  with  many  wounds,  so  that  he  could 
hold  out  no  longer. 

9.  adeo  plus  virtute  valuerunt  ut  decemplicem  hostium 
numerum  profligarint,  they  icere  so  superior  in  prowess,  that 
they  routed  ten  times  their  number  of  the  enemy. 

10.  innocentia  est  aflFectio  talis  animi  quae  nemini  noceat, 
innocence  is  such  a  quality  of  the  mind  as  to  harm  no  one. 

11.  nemo  est  tam  fortis  quin  rei  novitate  perturbetur,  no 
one  is  so  steadfast  as  not  to  he  confused  by  a  strange  occurrence^ 
lit.  by  the  strangeness  of  an  occurrence. 


VOCABULARY. 


advantage,  commodum,  I,  n. 
as  not  to,  after  so,  such,  etc., 

in  a  negative  clause,  quin. 
can,  be  able,  possum,  posse, 

potul. 
consternation,      perturbSltiS, 

finis,  f. 
hinder,  impedifi.  Ire,  IvI  or  il, 

Itus. 
night,  nox,  noctis,  f. 


not  know,  nescifi.  Ire,  IvI  or 

il,  Itus. 
only,   only  one,   only  person, 

Onus,  9,  inn. 
so  great,  tantus,  a,  lun. 
so  many,  tot. 
that,  so  that,  ut ;  that  not,  at 

nfin. 
their,  their  own,  suus,  a,  um. 
wreck  (of  vcs-sels),  frangfi,  ere, 

frfigl,  frSctus. 


Clauses  of  Characteristic,  95 

EXERCISE. 

1.  There  are  no  advantages  wMch  you  do  not  enjoy. 
2.  These  men  came  in  such  numbers^  that  we  could 
not  keep  them  away.  3.  There  was  no  one  who  did 
not  see  both  ^  of  you.  4.  You  were  the  only  (person) 
whom  we  judged   suitable  for  our  sons   to  imitate. 

5.  These  chiefs  had  so  great  wealth  that  they  got 
possession  of   the  regal  power   in  their  own  states. 

6.  Who  is  there  who  does  not  know  all  these  things  ? 

7.  There  was  no  one  of  us  who  did  not  know  (it). 

8.  We  were  hindered  by  so  many  things  that  we  did 
not  return  to  camp  before  night.  9.  You  are  the  only 
one  whom  I  judge  worthy  of  regal  power.  10.  Who 
is  so  unjust  as  not  to  defend  this  man  from  cruelty  ? 
11.  There  was  no  state  so  small  that  it  did  not  send 
envoys  to  this  council.  12.  So  many  of  Caesar's 
vessels  were  wrecked  that  there  was  great  consterna- 
tion on  the  part  of  ^  the  whole  army. 

Ariovistus's  Justification. 

I  was  called  '^  from  Germany  by  the  Gauls,  in  order 
that  I  might  lend  them  assistance  and  ward  off  from 
them  the  injuries  of  their  enemies.  Besides  Caesar 
there  is  no  one  who  blames  my  acts.  The  Sequani  do 
not  object  to^  my  authority,  but  regard  my  rule  (as)  so 
mild  and  just  that  they  willingly  pay  the  tribute  which 
they  promised.  Therefore  let  Caesar  come  to  me !  I 
shall  not  go  to  him.  For  I  have  no  army  to  which  to 
commit  ^  my  safety. 


96  Latin  Composition, 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  in  such  numbers :  use  tarn  frequens. 

2.  both :  see  Lesson  XXV. 

3.  0)1  the  part  of:  express  by  the  genitive  case. 

4.  called:  use  arcesso,  ere,  ivi,  itus. 

5.  object  to  :  use  recusS,  1 ;  it  is  transitive. 

6.  to  lohich  to  commit:  use  Relative  Clause  of  Purpose.    For 
commit,  use  committo,  ere,  misi,  missus. 


LESSON  XXXI. 

CAUSAL  CLAUSES.     TEMPOEAL  CLAUSES. 

GRAMMATICAL  REFERENCES. 

1.  Causal  Clauses.  286.  1  and  6;  286.  2;  A.  &  G.  540. 
1,2;  549;  H.  588.  I,  If,  and  2 ;  598. 

2.  Temporal  Clauses  introduced  by  postquam,  ut,  etc.,  de- 
noting a  single  act.     287.  1 ;  A.  &  G.  543 ;  H.  602. 

3.  Clauses  introduced  by  ut,  ubi,  simul  ac,  denoting  a  re- 
peated act.     287.  2  ;  H.  602.  2. 

4.  Pluperfect  Indicative  with  postquam.    287.  3 ;  H.  602. 1. 

EXAMPLES. 

1.  Gallia  laudetur,  quod  se  non  tradidit,i  let  Gaul  he  praised 
because  it  did  not  surrender. 

2.  laudatur  provincia  quod  resistat  ^  Antonio,  the  province 
is  praised  because  it  resists  Antony. 

3.  me  accusas  non  quod  tuis  rationibus  non  assentiar  sed 
quod  nullis,  you  arraign  me,  not  because  I  do  not  agree  with 
your  arguments,  but  because  (/  agree)  with  none. 

4.  quae  cum  ita  sint,  since  these  things  are  so. 

5.  postquam  in  Hispaniam  venit  magnas  res  gessit,  after 
he  arrived  in  Spain  he  performed  great  exploits. 

6.  ut  Hostius  cecidit,  R5mana  inclinatur  acies,  tchen  Hos- 
tiusfell,  the  Boman  line  wavered. 

7.  id  ubi  audivit,  cupiditate  incensus  est,  when  he  heard 
that,  he  was  kindled  with  eagerness. 

97 


98 


Latin  Composition. 


8.  simnl  ac  te  aspexi,  hoc  sensi,  as  soon  as  I  set  eyes  on 
you  I  observed  this. 

9.  ut  quisque  Verris  animum  ofFenderat  in  lautumias  coni- 
ciebatur,  whenever  anybody  had  offended  Verres's  feelings  he 
was  put  in  the  stone-quarry. 

10.  post  diem  tertium  gesta  res  est,  quam  hoc  dixerat,^  the 
deed  was  done  three  days  after  he  had  said  this. 

Notes  on  the  Examples. 

1)  The  speaker's  own  reason,  —  hence  the  indicative. 

2)  Not  the  reason  of  the  writer,  but  of  those  who  bestow  the 
praise,  —  hence  the  subjunctive. 

3)  Note  the  pluperfect  indicative  after  a  phrase  denoting  a 
definite  interval  of  time  (post  diem  tertium) . 


VOCABULARY. 


after,  postquam. 

angry,  be  angry  with,  irascor, 
1 ;  with  dat. 

as  soon  as,  simul  atque  (ac). 

away,  be  away,  absum,  ease, 
Sful,  Sfutiirua. 

because,  quod. 

drive  back,  repello,  ere,  rep- 
pull,  repulBUB. 

eagerness,  cupidltSs,  &ti8,  f. 


else,  alius,  a,  ud. 

furthest,  superl.  of  long6,  far. 

hasten,  m^turo,  1. 

inflame,  incendo,  ere,  endl, 

SnsuB. 
javelin,  jaculum,  i,  n. 
summon,  voco,  1. 
ward  off,  dgpello,  ere,  pull, 

pulsus. 
when,  as,  ut,  ubl. 


EXERCISE. 


1.  After  I  had  heard  the  words  of  these  messengers, 
I  hastened  at  once  to  return  to  the  army.  2.  The 
Belgians  were  the  bravest  because  they  were  furthest 
away  from  our  province.       3.  As  soon  as  they  drew 


Causal  Clauses.     Temporal   Clauses.         99 

near  to  the  wall  and  gates  of  the  town,  they  were 
driven  back  by  stones  and  javelins.  4.  Since  we 
saw  no  one  else  whom  we  knew,  we  summoned  you  to 
us.  5.  Caesar  blamed  Ariovistus  because  he  had  for- 
gotten all  the  favors  of  the  Roman  people.  6.  The 
Romans,  whenever  they  had  warded  off  their  own 
dangers,  used  to  lend  help  to  their  allies  and  friends. 
7.  When  he  heard  this,  he  was  so  inflamed  with  eager- 
ness that  he  immediately  called  me  to  him.^  8.  He 
asked  me  my  opinion,  not  that  I  knew  anything,  but 
because  he  had  no  one  else  to  consult.^  9.  Eighteen 
days  after  ^  he  had  led  away  his  army  into  the  forests 
of  Germany,  Caesar  destroyed  the  bridge  and  returned 
into  Gaul.  10.  Are  you  angry  with  us  because  we 
went  away  ? 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  hira :  use  the  reflexive. 

2.  to  consult :  use  relative  clause  of  purpose,  —  whom  he  should 
consult. 

3.  eighteen  datjs  after:  =  after  by  eighteen  days  than;  see 
Lesson  XVIII,  Example  8. 


LESSON  XXXII. 

TEMPORAL  CLAUSES  (continued). 

GRAMMATICAL   REFERENCES. 

1.  Cum-Clauses.  288.  1-3 ;  289 ;  A.  &  G.  545  and  a,  546 
and  a,  547,  548 ;  II.  600.  I  and  1,  II,  601  and  2. 

2.  Antequam  and  priusquam.  291. 1,2;  292,  1,  2  ;  A.  &  G. 
551.  a-^;  H.  605.  I,  IT. 

3.  Dum,  donee,  quoad.  293. 1-III;  A.  &  G.  553,  554,  555, 
556;  H.  603, 1,  II,  1,  2. 

EXAMPLES. 

1.  an  turn  eras  consul,  cum  in  Palatid  mea  domus  ardebat, 
or  were  you  then  consul^  when  my  house  burned  up  on  the  Pala- 
tine ? 

2.  cam  de  templd  elatus  esset,  animam  efflavit,  when  he 
had  been  carried  out  of  the  temple^  he  expired^  lit.  breathed  out 
his  life. 

3.  jam  Gain  fugere  apparabant,  cum  matres  familiae 
repente  procurrerunt,  the  Gauls  were  just  preparing  to  JleCj 
when  the  matrons  suddenly  rushed  forth. 

4.  neque,  cum  aliquid  mandarat,  cdnfectum  putabat,  nnr 
when  he  had  allotted  any  tasky  did  he  think  itjinished. 

5.  cum  venies,  cognosces,  ichen  you  come^  you  will  learn. 

6.  antequam  ad  causam  redeo,  de  me  pauca  dicam,  before  I 
come  back  to  the  case,  I  will  say  a  few  things  concerning  myself. 

7.  ndn  prius  fugere  destiterunt  quam  ad  Rhenum  perve- 
nerunt,  they  did  not  cease  to  flee  before  they  reached  the  Rhine. 

100 


Temporal  Clauses. 


101 


8.  antequam  veniat,  litteras  mittet,  before  he  comes,  he 
will  send  a  letter,  i.e.  he  will  send  a  letter  in  anticipation  of  his 
coming. 

9.  antequam  verbum  facerem,  abiit,  he  left  before  I  uttered 
a  icord. 

10.  dum  haec  geruntur,  ceteri  discesserunt,  while  these 
things  icere  being  done,  the  rest  withdrew. 

11.  Lacedaemoniorum  gens  fortis  fuit,  dum  Lyciirgi  leges 
vigebant,  the  race  of  the  Spartans  was  hardy  as  long  as  the 
laws  of  Lycurgus  were  in  force. 

12.  donee  rediit,  fuit  silentium,  there  was  silence  till  he 
came. 

13.  exspectavit  Caesar,  dum  naves  convenirent,  Caesar 
waited  for  the  ships  to  assemble. 


VOCABULARY. 


as  long  as,  dum. 

attack,  adorior,  iri,  ortus. 

attempt,  conor,  1. 

before,  antequam,  priusquam. 

cease,  desisto,  ere,  destiti. 

depart,    decedo,    ere,    cessi, 

cessurus. 
faction,  factio,  onis,  f. 
flight,  fuga,  ae,  f. 
go  forth,  exeo,  ire,e:sii,iturus. 


last,  continue,  duro,  1. 

once,  quondam. 

rear,  novissimum  agmen,  no- 
vissiml  agminis,  n.  ;  liter- 
ally, last  column. 

sight,  conspectus,  us,  m. 

silent,  become  silent,  taceo, 
ere,  ui. 

until,  dum,  ddnec,  quoad. 


EXERCISE. 


1.  When  tlie  Helvetii  had  gone  forth  from  home 
many  years  before,  they  defeated  the  army  of  the 
consul  Cassius.^  2.  They  did  not  cease  to  follow  the 
enemy  until  (before)  they  came  to  this  river.       3.  Be- 


102  Latin  Composition. 

fore  we  attempt  anything  else,  we  will  summon  Divi- 
tiacus  and  his  brother  to  us.  4.  They  did  not  desist 
from  flight  before  they  came  in  sight ^  of  our  camp. 
5.  There  was  once  a  time  when  the  Gauls  surpassed 
the  Germans  in  valor.  6.  At  the  time  when^  Caesar 
came  into  Gaul  there  were  two  factions.  7.  When 
he  saw  this,  he  quickly  became  silent.  8.  When  the 
envoys  had  said  this,  they  departed.  9.  Whenever 
they  came  to  a  river,  they  built  *  a  bridge.  10.  The 
troops  had  not  yet  crossed  this  river,  when  the  cavalry 
of  the  enemy  attacked  their  rear.  11.  Scipio  will  be 
praised  as  long  as  the  memory  of  the  Roman  state 
lasts.''  12.  While  the  enemy  were  crossing  this  river, 
the  horsemen  attacked  their  rear.  13.  Here  he  re- 
mained three  days,  until  the  rest  of  the  legions  should 
arrive. 

Sugrerestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  the  consul  Cassius:  in  Latin:  Cassius,  the  consul. 

2.  insight:  translate:  into  sight. 

3.  at  the  time  when :  use  cum  alone  with  the  proper  mood  and 
tense. 

4.  huilt:  use  faciO,  ere,  f§ci,  factus. 

5.  lasts:  use  the  future  tense. 


LESSON  XXXITI. 

SUBSTANTIVE  CLAUSES. 

GRAMMATICAL  REFERENCES. 

1.  Substantive  Clauses  developed  from  the  Jussive.  295. 
1,  2,  4,  5,  6,  8;  cf.  A.  &  G.  563,  and  c,  d,  e,  565;  H.  564. 1,  II 
and  1. 

2.  Substantive  Clauses  developed  from  the  Deliberative. 
295.  7 ;  298 ;  c/  A.  &  G.  558.  a ;  H.  595.  1,  591.  4. 

3.  Substantive  Clauses  after  verbs  of  hindering,  preventing^ 
etc.    295.  3  ;  A.  &  G.  553.  6  ;  H.  595.  2,  596.  2. 

EXAMPLES. 

1.  vos  oro  ne  id  faciatis,  I  beg  you  not  to  do  that. 

2.  populus  R5manus  permittit  ut  civitate  donentur,  the 
Boman  people  allows  them  to  be  presented  with  citizenship. 

3.  senatus  decernit  ut  frumentum  ematur,  the  Senate 
decrees  that  grain  be  purchased. 

4.  laborabam  ne  testes  dicerent,  I  strove  that  the  ivitnesses 
should  not  speak. 

5.  reliquum  est  ut  hoc  doceam,  it  remains  for  me  to  shoxo 
this. 

6.  licet  redeas,  you  may  return. 

7.  oportet  loquamur,  we  ought  to  speak. 

8.  maneat  necesse  est,  it  is  necessary  for  him  to  remain. 

9.  non  fuit  causa  cur  postulares,  there  was  no  reason  why 
you  should  ask. 

103 


104  Latin  Composition, 

10.  nihil  causae  est  quin  ita  judicetis,  there's  no  reason  why 
you  shouldnH  decide  thus. 

11.  non  dubitd  quin  h5c  verum  sit,  I  do  not  doubt  that  this 
is  true. 

12.  plura  ne  dicam  tuae  lacrimae  me  impediunt,  your  tears 
prevent  me  from  saying  more. 

13.  prohibuit  quominus  in  unum  coirent,  he  prevented  them 
from  coming  together. 

14.  nee  quin  erumperet  prohiberi  poterat,  nor  could  he  be 
prevented  from  rushing  forth. 

Remarks. 

1.  Licet  and  oportet  take  either  the  infinitive,  or  the  subjunc- 
tive without  ut,  but  the  infinitive  is  tlie  commoner  construction, 
especially  with  licet ;  necesse  est  admits  either  construction. 

2.  Constituo,  when  denoting  another  act  of  the  same  subject, 
more  commonly  takes  an  infinitive  than  an  ut-clauso. 

3.  Prohibeo  is  much  more  commonly  construed  with  an  infini- 
tive than  with  a  Substantive  Clause  introduced  by  ne,  quo  minus, 
or  quin,  e.g.  si  qui  te  introire  prohibuerit,  if  any  one  should 
prevent  your  entenng.  In  Cicero  and  Caesar  prohibeS  never 
occurs  followed  by  a  quin-clause,  though  it  may  take  qu6  minus. 

4.  ImpediS  quin  does  not  occur  in  Cicero's  speeches  or  philo- 
sophical works,  though  impedid  qu6  minus  is  frequent. 

5.  In  general,  after  negative  expressions  of  huideringt  qu5 
minus  is  often  used  in  preference  to  quin. 

VOCABULARY. 


avoid,  vito,  1. 

beg,  6r6,  1. 

colony,  colonla,  ae,  f. 

contrary  to,  against,  contra, 

prep,  with  ace. 
doubt,  dubito,  1. 


extend  (thanks),  ago,  ere,  6gl, 

ftCtUB. 

go  away,  abe5,  Ire,  il,  itQrus. 
necessary,  it  is  necessary,  ne- 
cesse est. 


Substantive   Clauses.  105 


order,  mandatum,  i,  n. 
prevent,    prohibeo,    ere,    uT, 

itus. 
reason,  causa,  ae,  f. 


send  back,  remitto,  ere,  misi, 

missus. 
settler,  colonus,  i,  m. 
thanks,  gratiae,  arum,  f. 
why  .  .  .  not,  quin. 


EXERCISE. 

1.  I  demanded^  that  you  should  send  these  messen- 
gers back  to  me.  2.  There  is  no  reason  why  we 
should  not  go  away  immediately.  3.  Who  doubts 
that  these  things  are  so  ?  4.  I  begged  you,  0  soldiers, 
not  to  forget^  my  orders.  5.  What  reason  is  there 
why  these  two  brothers  should  not  lead  a  colony  into 
Hither  Gaul  ?  6.  We  advised  you  to  avoid  ^  suspicion 
of  treason.  7.  Caesar  demanded  that  Ariovistus 
should  not  injure  the  Haedui  or  their  allies.  8.  We 
decided  that  no  one''  should  remain  here  longer. 
9.  We  prevented  these  barbarians  from  marching^ 
into  the  fertile  districts  near  the  province.^  10.  It  is 
necessary  that  we  adjudge  these  men  enemies.  11.  By 
whom  were  you  prevented  from  waging  war  ? 
12.  Did  you  permit  the  soldiers'"  to  occupy  the  lands 
of  these  settlers  ?  13.  Who  will  doubt  that  these 
things  were  done  contrary  to  law  ?  14.  You  ordained 
that  thanks  should  be  extended  to  our  allies.  15.  You 
decreed  that  no  one"*  should  prevent  us  from  holding 
these  lands. 

Sugg-estions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  c?emanc?ecZ;  use  postulo. 

2.  not  to  forget :  translate,  that  you  should  not  forget;  that .  . . 
not  must  be  rendered  by  ne. 


106 '  Latin  Composition. 

3.  to  avoid :  translate:  that  you  avoid. 

4.  that  no  one :  in  Latin :  that  not  any  one,  ne  quia. 

5.  See  Remark  3. 

6.  near  the  province :  translate  near  by  finitimus,  which  takes 
the  dative. 

7.  the  soldiers :  use  the  dative  in  translating  this. 


LESSON  XXXIV. 

SUBSTANTIVE  CLAUSES   {continued). 

GRAMMATICAL   REFERENCES. 

1.  Substantive  Clauses  developed  from  the  Optative.     296 
entire ;  cf.  A.  &  G.  563.  6,  564 ;  H.  565. 

2.  Substantive  Clauses  of  Result.     297.  1-3 ;  A.  &  G.  569. 
1,  2,  570,  571 ;  II.  571.  1-4. 

3.  Substantive  Clauses  introduced  by  quod.     299.  1,2;  A. 
&  G.  572  and  a ;  H.  588.  3. 

EXAMPLES. 

1.  opto  ut  hoc  audiatis,  I  desire  that  you  hear  this. 

2.  visne  hdc  primum  videamus,!  do  you  loish  that  we  con- 
sider this  first  ? 

3.  velim^  scribas,i  /  icish  you  would  write. 

4.  vellem^  scriberes,i  I  wish  you  were  writing. 

5.  vellem  scripsisses,i  I  wish  you  had  written. 

6.  verebar,  ne  animos  vestros  offenderem,  /  was  afraid 
that  I  should  offend  your  feelings. 

7.  veritus  est  ut  hostium  impetum  sustinere  posset,  he 
feared  that  he  could  not  vnthstand  the  attack  of  the  enemy. 

8.  non  vereor  ne  nSn^  te  expleam,  /  am  not  afraid  that  1 
shall  not  satisfy  you. 

9.  gravitas  morbi  facit  ut  medicina  egeamus,  the  severity 
of  disease  makes  us  need  medicine. 

10.  accidit  ut  veniret,  it  happened  that  he  came. 

11.  accedebat  ut  naves  deessent,  another  consideration  was 
the  lack  of  boats,  lit.  it  teas  added  that  boats  icere  lacking. 

107 


108 


Latin  Composition, 


12.  est  hoc  commune  vitium  ut  invidia  gloriae  comes  sit, 
this  is  a  common  evil,  that  Envy  is  the  attendant  of  Glory. 

13.  mirabile  videtur,  quod  rediit,  it  seems  wonderful,  that 
he  came  back. 

14.  bene  fecisti  quod  mansisti,  you  did  well,  that  you  staid. 


Notes  on  the  Examples. 

1)  Note  the  absence  of  ut,  as  regularly  after  visno,  velim, 
vellem. 

2)  Velim  is  potential  subjunctive;  the  present  implies  that  the 
wish  contained  in  the  object  clause  is  one  capable  of  realization. 

3)  Vellem  is  likewise  a  potential  subjunctive ;  the  imperfect 
implies  regret  at  the  unreality  of  the  object  clause. 

4)  Note  the  use  of  ne  n5n  (instead  of  ut)  after  a  main  clause 
containing  a  negative. 

VOCABULARY. 


added,  it  is  added,  accSdit, 
ere,  cessit,  impersonal. 

afraid,  be  afraid,  time5,  6re, 
m. 

Britons,  Britanni,  orum,  ni. 

chariot,  war-chariot,  essedimi, 
I,  n. 

desert,  dSserS,  ere,  ul,  sertus. 

desire,  opto,  1. 

fear,  vereor,  6rl,  itug. 


happen,  it  happens,   accidit, 

ere,  it,  impersonal, 
have,  habeo,  Sre,  ui,  itus. 
onset,  impetus,  us,  m. 

so,  SIC. 

suddenly,  subitS. 
till,  ad,  prep,  with  ace. 
vengeance,  take  vengeance  on, 

ulciscor,  1,  ultus. 
wish,  volo,  velle,  volul. 


EXERCISE. 


1.  It  happened  that  we  suddenly  entered  upon  a 
new  plan.  2.  Another  fact  was*  that  the  horsemen, 
whom  he  was  awaiting,  had  not  yet  arrived.  3.  I 
was  afraid  that  you,  O  soldiers,  would  not  be  able 


Substantive   Clauses,  109 

to  withstand  the  onset  of  the  enemy.  4.  It  was 
the  custom  of  the  Britons  to  fight  with  chariots.^ 
5.  They  feared  that  Caesar  would  take  vengeance 
upon  them.^  6.  We  desire  that  you  should  choose 
men  worthy  to  be  sent.'*  7.  I  wisli  my  father  had 
lived  till  this  day.  8.  In  time  of  war^  it  often 
happens  that  women  and  children  undergo  greater 
hardships  than  the  soldiers  themselves.  9.  I  wish 
you  would  ask  your  brother  not  to  desert*'  us.  10.  It 
so  happened  that  the  general  had  already  sent  a  letter 
from  camp  to  the  Senate  at  Rome.^  11.  I  do  not 
fear  that  he  will  be  angry  with  me.  12.  I  wish,  we 
had  more  friends. 

Panic  of  the  Romans  at  Vesontio. 

Caesar's  soldiers  wT-re  in  great  panic®  at  Vesontio, 
since  they  had  heard  from  Gallic  traders  of  ^  the  fierce 
looks  of  the  Germans  and  the  size  of  (their)  frames. 
There  were  (some)  in  the  camp  who  were  so  much  afraid 
that  they  even  made  their  wills.  But  when  Caesar 
made  a  speech  ^^  before  "  the  soldiers,  and  urged  them 
to  lay  aside  their  fears  and  to  be  of  good  oourage,  their 
spirits^^  were  altered  and  they  began  to  desire ^^  battle. 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  Another  fact  was:  translate  by  accedebat;  literally,  it 
was  added. 

2.  loith  chariots :  Ablative  of  Means. 

3.  them :  use  the  reflexive. 

4.  See  Lesson  XXIX. 


110  Latin  Composition. 

5.  in  war :  express  by  in  with  the  ablative. 

6.  not   to   desert:    Substantive  Clause  Developed    from    the 
Volitive. 

7.  to  the  Senate  at  Rome  :  see  lesson  VII,  Example  8. 

8.  panic:  use  pavor,  oris,  m. 

9.  heard  of:  audio  means  hear  of,  as  well  as  hear. 

10.  made  a  speech :  orationem  habere  (to  hold  a  discourse),  is 
the  Latin  idiom  for  *  deliver  a  speech.' 

11.  before:  ad. 

12.  spirits :  use  mens,  mentis,  f . 

13.  desire:  use  cupio,  ere,  ivi,  itus. 


LESSON  XXXV. 

INDIRECT  QUESTIONS. 

GRAMMATICAL  REFERENCES. 

1.  Simple  Questions.  300.  1-3 ;  A.  &  G.  574,  575.  b,  576. 
a  ;  H.  649.  11. 

2.  Double  Questions.  300.  4 ;  cf.  A.  &  G.  334,  335.  d ;  H. 
650.  1,  2. 

3.  Haud  scid  an,  nescio  an.  300.  5;  A.  &  G.  575.  d;  H. 
650.  4. 

EXAMPLES. 

1.  qua  celeritate  haec  gesta  sint,  videtis,  you  see  with  what 
rapidity  these  things  have  been  achieved. 

2.  quaeret  a  me  ubi  sit  pecunia,  he  icill  inquire  of  me  where 
the  money  is. 

S.  exquire  num  quid  scripserit,  ask  ichether  he  has  written 
anything. 

4.  nescio  cur  hoc  putes,  I  do  not  know  why  you  think  this. 

5.  rogavi  pervenissentne  Agrigentum,  I  asked  whether  they 
had  come  to  Agrigentum. 

6.  quaer5  a  te  nonne  putes,  I  ask  of  you  whether  you  do  not 
think. 

7.  nescio  quo  me  vertam,  /  do  not  know  whither  to  turn 
(direct :  qu5  vertam,  whither  am  I  to  turn  ?). 

8.  hanc  paludem  si  nostri  transirent,  hostes  exspectabant, 
the  enemy  v^ere  waiting  (to  see)  ichether  our  men  would  cross 
this  marsh. 

Ill 


112 


Latin  Composition, 


9.  quaerd  utrum  verum  an  falsam  sit,  ' 

10.  quaero  verumne  an  falsum  sit,  I  ask  whether  it  is 

11.  quaero  verum  an  falsum  sit,  true  or  false. 

12.  quaero  verum  falsumne  sit, 

13.  di  utrum  sint  necne  quaeritur,  it  is  asked  whether  there 
are  gods  or  not. 

14.  hand  scio  an  malim,  I  am  inclined  to  think  I  prefer. 


Remarks. 

1.  To  denote  future  time  in  indirect  questions,  periphrastic  forms 
are  used  where  amhiguity  would  otherwise  result ;  as,  non  quaerS 
quid  dicturus  sis,  I  do  not  ask  what  you  will  say. 

2.  Nonne  in  indirect  questions  is  used  only  after  quaero ;  see 
the  6th  example  above. 

3.  In  indirect  double  questions  necne  is  commonly  used  to  ex- 
press or  not ;  ann5n  is  much  less  frequent. 


VOCABULARY. 


ask,  inquire  of,  quaero,  ere, 
quaesivi,  ituB. 

burn  (of  things),  comburo, 
ere,  ussi,  ustus  ;  (of  per- 
sons), cremo,  1. 

deliberate,  dSlibero,  1. 

hand,  be  on'  hand,  Buppeto, 
ere,  ivi  or  ii,  Itum. 

how  much,  quantvun ;  with 
Gen.  of  the  Whole. 

inclined  to  think,  baud  Bci5  an. 


inquire,   quaero,   ere,    quae- 

Bivi,  itus. 
or  not  (whether)  ...  or  not, 

in  indirect  questions,  necne. 
whether,  num ;  -ne. 
whether  .  .  .  not,  nonne. 
whether  ...  or,    utrum  .  .  . 

an.    See  also  other  modes 

of  expression  given  in  the 

grammar, 
wonder,  miror,  1. 


EXERCISE. 

1.  I  asked  you  how  many  envoys  came  and  what 
each  said.       2.  AVho  will  inform  us  whether  this  town 


Indirect  Questions,  113 

has  already  been  captured  ?  3.  I  do  not  know  whether 
I  approve  this  plan  or  not.  4.  He  inquired  of  ^  me 
how  long  I  had  remained  at  home.  5.  They  deliber- 
ated in  common  council  whether  they  should  burn  the 
ships  or  defend  (them).  6.  He  does  not  know  of 
whom  to  ask  ^  assistance.  7.  Do  you  know  whether 
the  Germans  burned  Procillus  or  spared  him  ?  8.  I 
do  not  ask  what  reason  impelled  you.  9.  Why  does 
it  concern  us^  whether  a  colony  was  led  to  that  place* 
or  not?  10.  I  was  waiting  (to  see)  if  you  would 
write  me  anything  concerning  your  brother.  11.  I 
will  now  ask  whether  you  did  not  linger  more  than 
three  days  at  Bibracte.  12.  I  am  inclined  to  think 
I  regard  this  plan  (as)  better.  13.  I  do  not  know 
how  much  grain  is  on  hand.  14.  I  wonder  how  you 
found  the  place. 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  of:  a,  de,  or  e. 

2.  of  whom  to  ask :  translate :  of  whom  he  shall  ask. 

3.  concern  us :  see  Lesson  XIV,  Examples  16,  18. 

4.  to  that  place :  express  by  the  adverb  illo. 


LESSON  XXXVI. 

CONDITIONAL  SENTENCES. 

GRAMMATICAL  REFERENCES. 

1.  First  Type.  Nothing  Implied.  302.  1-4 ;  A.  &  G.  515 
and  a;  518.  a,  b;  516.  a;  H.  574  and  2,  580.  1. 

2.  Second  Type.  Supposed  Case  Contingent  (should  .  .  . 
would).     303;  A.  &  G.  516.  6;  II.  576. 

3.  Third  Type.  Contrary  to  Fact.  304  entire ;  A.  &  G. 
517  and  a,c,d\  H.  579  and  1,  582,  583. 

EXAMPLES. 

1.  si  hoc  dicis,  erras,  if  you  say  this^  you  are  mistaken. 

2.  81  hoc  dicebas,  errabas,  if  you  loere  saying  this,  you  were 
mistaken. 

3.  si  hoc  dices,  errabis,  if  you  say  (i.e.  shall  say)  this,  you 
will  be  mistaken. 

4.  si  hoc  dixisti,  erravisti,  if  you  said  this,  you  were  mis- 
taken. 

6.  memoria  miuuitur,  nisi  earn  exerceas,  memory  grows 
weak  unless  you  exercise  it. 

6.  si  quis  equitum  deciderat,  pedites  circumsistebant,  if 
any  one  of  the  horsemen  fell,  the  foot-soldiers  gathered  around 
him. 

7.  si  viri  samus,  hie  maneamus,  if  we  are  men,  let  us 
remain  here  t 

8.  si  hoc  dicas,  erres,  1  If  you  shituld  say  this,  you 
0.   si  hoc  dixeris,  erraveris,  J  would  be  mistaken. 

114 


Conditional  Sentences.  115 

10.  si  hoc  diceres,  errares,  if  you  were  saying  this,  you 
vmuld  he  mistaken. 

11.  si  hoc  dixisses,  erravisses,  if  you  had  said  this,  you 
would  have  been  mistaken. 

12.  deleri  potuit  exercitus,  si  quis  aggressus  esset,  the 
army  could  have  been  wiped  out,  if  any  one  had  attacked  it,  lit. 
was  able  to  be  wiped  out. 

13.  eum  patris  loco  colere  debebas,  si  uUa  in  te  pietas 
esset,  you  ought  to  revere  him  as  a  father,  if  you  had  in  you 
any  sense  of  devotion. 

14.  si  Pompejus  occisus  esset,  fuistisne  ad  arma  ituri,  if 
Pompey  had  been  slain,  would  you  have  proceeded  to  arms  ? 

VOCABULARY. 


despair  of,  dSspero,  1  ;   gov- 
erns the  accusative, 
help,  juvo,  are,  juvi,  jutus. 
how  great,  quantus,  a,  um. 
inhabitant,  incola,  ae,  m. 
learn,  disco,  ere,  didicl. 
listen,   listen   to,   audio,   ire. 


ivi  or  ii,  itus ;  governs  the 

accusative, 
refuse,  respuo,  ere,  ui. 
terms,     conditions,     condici- 

ones,  um,  f.,  plu.  of  con- 

dicio. 
visit,  adeo,  ire,  11,  itus. 


EXERCISE. 

1.  If  you  quickly  fortify  a  camp,  it  will  not  be 
necessary  that  we  leave  this  place  at  once.  2.  It 
will  be  of  great  advantage^  to  us,  if  we  visit  this 
island  and  learn  the  customs  of  the  inhabitants. 
3.  If  he  refuses  our  terms,  let  us  not  delay  longer,  but 
at  once  bring  war  upon  him.  4.  I  should  approve 
this  plan,  unless  I  saw  a  better  (one).  5.  If  he  for- 
gets what  he  has  promised  us,  I  shall  despair  of  safety. 
6.  I  should  not  have  sent  you  to  him,  if  I  had  under- 


116  Latin  Oomposifion 

stood  how  great  the  dangers  were.  7.  If  you  listen 
to  my  words,  you  will  understand  how  great  a  kind- 
ness you  received  from  me.  8.  If  he  should  beg  us 
to  help  him,  what  would  you  reply  ?  9.  They  could 
have  freed  ^  this  town  from  siege,  if  they  had  not  lost 
all  their  grain  and  supplies.  10.  Be  of  good  courage,^ 
if  you  hope  for  victory. 

Conference  of  Ariovistus  and  Caesar. 

After  Ariovistus  had  once  refused  a  conference,  he 
finally  granted  (one).  The  two  leaders  met  in  the 
midst  of  a  plain  near  a  hillock,  each  attended.  *  by  a 
band^  of  horsemen.  At  *^  this  conference  Caesar  ear- 
nestly demanded  that  Ariovistus  should  send  back  all 
hostages  to  the  Gauls  and  lead  no  more^  Germans 
across  the  Rhine.  These  demands  Ariovistus  rejected. 
If  he  had  granted  them,  he  would  have  avoided  war. 

Sugrgestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  of  great  advantage :  magnS  usui,  literally, /or  flrrcat  service. 

2.  could  have  freed  :  see  Example  12. 

3.  of  good  courage :  see  Lesson  XVIII,  Example  15. 

4.  attended:  the  perfect  participle  of  comitor  may  be  hero 
used. 

5.  by  a  band :  the  simple  ablative  should  be  used  here. 

6.  At:  use  in. 

7.  no  more :  neu  piarSs  ;  compare  Lesson  XXIX,  Example  6. 


LESSON   XXXVII. 
USE  OF  nisi,  si  non,  sin.    conditional  clauses  of 

COMPARISON. 

GRAMMATICAL   REFERENCES. 

1.  /V/'s/,  sf  non,  s/n.  306  entire ;  c/  A.  &  G.  525.  a.l,2,d; 
H.  575.  2,  4,  5,  7. 

2.  Conditional  Clauses  of  Comparison.  307.  1,2;  A.  &  G. 
524  and  N.  2 ;  H.  584  and  1,  2. 

EXAMPLES. 

1.  hoc  enim  non  facerem,  nisi  necesse  esset,  for  I  should 
not  be  doing  this  unless  it  were  necessary, 

2.  etiam  si  vir  bonus  non  esset,  even  if  he  icere  not  a  good 
man. 

3.  dolorem  si  non  potuero  frangere,  tamen  oceultabo,  if  1 
cannot  subdue  my  grief  yet  I  will  hide  it. 

4.  SI  futurum  est,  fiet ;  si  non  futurum  est,  non  fiet,  if  it 
is  destined  to  be.,  it  will  be  ;  if  it  is  not  destined,  it  icill  not  be. 

5.  hoc  si  assecutus  sum,  gaudeo  ;  si  minus,  me  consolor, 
if  I  have  attained  this,  I  am  glad;  if  not,  I  console  myself. 

6.  haec  si  dices,  tenebere  ;  sin  alia  dices,  me  non  refu- 
tabis,  if  you  say  this,  you  vnll  be  caught;  but  if  you  say  some- 
thing else,  you  will  not  refute  my  statements. 

7.  nihil  quaesivit  nisi  justitiam,  he  sought  nothing  but 
justice. 

8.  nisi  vero  n5n  hostem  Ant5nium  judicavistis,  unless 
indeed  you  did  not  consider  Antony  an  enemy. 

117 


118 


Latin  Composition. 


9.   ndmen  petis  quasi  incertam  sit,  you  ask  for  the  name 
as  if  it  were  uncertain. 

10.  h5c  loc5  sedebat,  quasi  reus  ipse  esset,  he  sat  in  this 
place  as  if  he  were  himself  under  accusation. 

11.  ita  loquor  quasi  ego  illud  fecerim,  /  speak  as  though  I 
had  done  that. 

VOCABULARY. 


ancient,  pristine,  pristinus,  a, 

um. 
as  if,  as  though,  quasi. 
begin,  join    (of  battle),  com- 

mitto,  ere,  misi,  missus, 
but  if,  sin. 

courageously,  fortiter. 
if  not,  SI  minus,  when  the  verb 

of  the  conditional  clause  is 

omitted. 


near,  prope,  prep,  with  ace. 
owe,  debeo,  ere,  ui,  itus. 
pay,  solvo,  ere,  solvi,  solu- 

tus. 
prepare  for,  paro,  1. 
proceed,  pergo,  ere,  perrgxl, 

rgctum. 
treachery,  perfidia,  ae,  f. 
unless,  nisi ;  unless  indeed,  nisi 

v6r6. 


EXERCISE. 

1.  Unless  you  withdraw  from  this  place,  I  shall 
regard  you  not  (as)  a  friend,  but  an  enemy.  2.  If 
you  make  peace  with  us,  we  will  return  home;  but 
if  you  proceed  to  bring  war  upon  us,  remember  our 
ancient  valor!  3.  Do  not  begin ^  battle,  unless  our 
forces  have  been  seen*  near  the  camp  of  the  enemy. 
4.  If  he  comes  with  cavalry,  we  shall  not  despair  of 
victory ;  if  he  does  not  come,  not  even  Fortune  herself 
can  save  us.  5.  If  he  pays  me  the  money  which  he 
owes,  I  will  come;  if  not,  I  will  remain  at  home. 
6.  In  the  city,  the  Romans  courageously  prepared  for 
war,  as  though  they  had  not  just^  lost  two  consuls  and 


Conditional   Clauses  of  Comparison.         Il9 

a  large  army.  7.  You  speak  as  though  we  had  not 
all  undergone'*  the  greatest  hardships.  8.  We  shud- 
der at  the  cruelty  of  Ariovistus,  as  if  he  were  present. 
9.  You  are  unworthy  of  honor,  unless  indeed  treachery 
and  cowardice  deserve  to  be  praised.^ 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  Do  not  begin :  see  Lesson  XXVII,  Examples  6  and  7. 

2.  have  been  seen :  use  the  future  perfect. 

3.  just :  paulo  ante,  or  modo. 

4.  had  not  undergone :  note  the  proper  tense.    See  Example  11. 

5.  deserve  to  be  praised :  use  the  passive  periphrastic  conjuga- 
tion. 


LESSON   XXXVIII. 

SUBORDINATE  ADVERSATIVE  CLAUSES  INTRODUCED  BY 

quamvis,  quamquam,  etc.     provisos. 

GRAMMATICAL  REFERENCES. 

I.  Subordinate  Adversative  Clauses.  309.  1-5;  A.  &  G. 
527  and  a-e ;  H.  585,  58G.  I,  II. 

a.  Provisos.    310.  II;  A.  &  G.  528;  H.  587. 

EXAMPLES. 

1.  quod  turpe  est,  id  quamvis  occultetur,  non  honestum  fit, 
wJiat  is  base  does  not  become  honorable,  even  though  it  be  hidden. 

2.  quamvis  amplum  sit,  parum  est,  however  extensive  it  he, 
it  is  too  little. 

3.  Kdmani,  quamquam  itinere  fessi  erant,  tamen  proce- 
dunt,  though  the  Bomans  locre  weary  with  marching,  yet  they 
advanced. 

4.  etsi  nunquam  dubium  fuit,  though  it  was  never  doubtful. 

5.  Atticus  honores  non  petiit,  cum  ei  paterent,  Atticus  did 
not  seek  honors,  though  they  were  open  to  him. 

6.  quamquam  quid  loquor,  and  yet  why  do  I  talk  f 

7.  magnd  me  metii  liberabis  dum  modo  inter  me  atque  te 
miirus  intersit,  you  will  relieve  me  of  a  great  fear,  provided  only 
there  be  a  wall  between  you  and  me. 

8.  id  faciat  saepe  dum  ne  lassus  fiat,  let  him  do  that  often, 
provided  he  dors  not  become  tired. 

0.  manent  Ingenia  senibus,  modo  permaneat  industria,  old 
men'' s  faculties  continue,  provided  only  industry  remains. 

12Q 


Subordinate  Adversative   Clauses. 


121 


Remarks. 

1.  Btsi,  although,  is  carefully  to  be  distinguished  from  etsi,  even 
if ;  the  latter  is  a  conditional  particle  and  takes  any  of  the  construc- 
tions admissible  for  si ;  see  Lesson  XXXVI. 


VOCABULARY. 


and  yet,  quamquam  ;  etsi. 

eight  hundred,  octingenti,  ae, 
a. 

fear,  metus,  us,  m. 

finally,  postremo. 

mainland,  continens,  entis,  f. 

may,  it  Is  permitted,  licet, 
licere,  licuit,  with  the  sub- 
junctive. 


nevertheless,  tamen. 
provided,  dum ;  provided  only, 

dum  modo. 
put,  place,  pono,  ere,  posui, 

positus. 
remain    in   charge,   praesum, 

esse,  fui ;  governs  the  dative, 
though,  quamquam,  quamvis. 
yet,  tamen. 


EXERCISE. 

1.  Although  these  tribes  had  sent  messengers  to  the 
mainland  and  had  sought  peace  of  us,  yet,  after  we 
arrived  in  Britain,  they  brought  war  upon  us.  2.  Al- 
though our  men  were  deserted  by  their  leader,  yet 
they  put  all  hope  of  safety  in  valor.  3.  Though  we 
should  learn  nothing  concerning  these  tribes,  neverthe- 
less let  us  visit  them  !  4.  Provided  only  he  does  not 
lead  his  soldiers  from  the  province  to  Rome,  he  may 
remain  in  charge  of  his  army.  5.  And  yet  I  am  not 
afraid  that  he  will  do  us  harm.  6.  Although  the 
Germans  had  not  more  than  eight  hundred  horsemen, 
they  routed  five  thousand  Koman  cavalry.  7.  Pro- 
vided you  come  soon  with  an  army,  you  will  relieve 


122  Latin   Composition, 

this  city  of  fear  ^  of  siege.  8.  Although  he  had  under- 
gone so  many  hardships,  Procilhis  finally  escaped 
unharmed. 

Sugrgestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  0/  fear :  express  by  the  ablative. 


LESSON   XXXIX. 

INDIRECT  DISCOURSE. 

GRAMMATICAL  REFERENCES. 

Moods. 

1.  Declaratory  Sentences.  314.  1,3;  331. 1 ;  A.  &  G.  580 ; 
H.  642,  643.  3,  4. 

2.  Interrogative  Sentences.  315.  1-3;  A.  &  G.  586,  587; 
H.  642  and  2,  3. 

3.  Imperative  Sentences.  316  and  a ;  A.  &  G.  588  and  a ; 
H.  642. 

Tenses. 

1.  Of  the  Infinitive.  317  and  a ;  A.  &  G.  584  and  a ;  H.  644, 
617. 

2.  Of  the  Subjunctive.  318  and  a ;  A.  &  G.  585  and  a ; 
H.  644. 

EXAMPLES. 

1.  Ariovistus  respondit  sese  non  esse  venturum,  Ariovistus 
replied  that  he  would  not  come.     (Direct :  non  veniam.) 

2.  Regulus  dixit  quam  diu  jure  jurando  hostium  teneretur 
non  esse  se  senatorem,  Begulus  said  that  so  long  as  he  was 
held  by  his  oath  to  the  enemy  he  was  not  a  senator.  (Direct : 
quam  diu  .  .  .  teneor,  non  sum  senator. ) 

3.  referunt,  esse  silvam  infinita  magnitiidine,  quae  Bacenis 
appellatur,  they  bring  back  word  that  there  is  a  forest  of  limit- 
less extent,  which  is  called  Bacenis.  (The  direct  statement  here 
is  est  silva ;  the  clause  quae  appellatur  is  an  addition  of  the 
writer.) 

123 


124  Latin  Composition, 

4.  Caesari  respondit  se  prius  in  Galliam  venisse  quam  popn- 
lum  Romanum.  Quid  sibi  vellet?  Cur  in  suas  possessionea 
veniret  ?  he  answered  Caesar  that  he  had  come  into  Gaul  before 
the  Roman  people.  What  did  he  want  ?  Why  did  he  come  into 
his  domain  ?   (Direct :  ego  prius  veni.    Quid  vis  ?    Cur  venis?) 

5.  si  veteris  contumeliae  oblivisci  vellet,  num  etiam  recen- 
tium  injuriarum  memoriam  se  deponere  posse,  if  he  were  will- 
ing to  forget  the  former  indignity^  could  he  also  banish  the 
recollection  of  recent  wrongs  ?   (Direct :  si  velim,  num  possum?) 

6.  quid  metueret,  what  (said  he)  had  he  to  fear  ?  (Direct : 
quid  metuam.) 

7.  dixit  illi  irent  ad  cdpias,  let  them,  he  said,  go  to  their 
troops.     (Direct :  vos  ite.) 

/  know  yon  were  doing  this.      (Direct : 
agebas.) 
1  I  know  you  did  this.     (Direct :  egisti.) 
/  know    you    had    done    this.     (Direct: 
egeras. ) 

9.  videor  ostendisse  quales  del  essent,  /  seem  to  have  shown 
of  what  nature  the  gods  are.    (Direct :  ostendi.) 


Remarks. 

1.  Note  that  a  dependent  perfect  infinitive  is  treated  as  an  his- 
torical tense  whenever,  if  resolved  into  an  equivalent  indicative,  it 
would  be  historical.    See  the  last  example  above. 

2.  Note  that  for  the  sake  of  vividness  a  present  tense  of  the 
direct  discourse  is  not  infrequently  retained  in  the  indirect  after  an 
historical  tense.  This  is  called  repraesent&tiO, '  a  bringing  back 
to  the  present.' 

VOCABULARY. 


8.   scio  te  haec 

egisse, 


announce,  ndntid,  1. 
appoint  (a  dictator),  dlc5,  ere, 
dIxT,  dictuB. 


approach,  adventua,  iis,  m. 
bringback  word,  report,  referO, 
ferre,  rettull,  relfttus. 


Indirect  Discourse.  125 


conspire,  conjuro,  1. 

crusb,  opprimo,  ere,  pressi, 

pressus. 
dictator,  dictator,  oris,  m. 
hide,  c§16,  1. 


hostage,  obses,  idis,  m. 
number,  numerus,  i,  m. 
plough,  aro,  1. 
twenty,  viginti. 


EXERCISE. 

1.  Crassus  knew  that  he  was  waging  war  in  those 
places  where  a  few  years  before  a  Roman  array  had 
been  routed  and  a  lieutenant  had  been  slain.  2.  This 
deserter  said  that  Caesar  was  in  great  danger,  and 
that  the  Veneti  would  crush  his  army.  3.  We 
understand  that  these  tribes  have  surrendered  all  the 
arms  which  they  had  hidden,  and  are  now  seeking 
peace.  4.  Caesar  promised  the  Ubii  that  he  would 
come  and  help^  them.  5.  We  were  informed  that 
the  leaders  of  the  Belgians  were  conspiring  and  giving 
hostages  to  each  other.^  6.  We  read  that  Cincinnatus 
was  ploughing  when  it  was  announced  to  him  that 
he  had  been  appointed  dictator.  7.  He  said  to  the 
soldiers  that  the  place  was  suitable  for  a  battle;  let 
each  (man)  perform  his  duty,  and  not^  forget  the 
glory  of  the  Eoman  name.  8.  These  scouts  brought 
back  word  that  when  the  Gauls  ^  had  been  informed 
of  Caesar's  approach  they  left  the  villages,  which  were 
twenty  in  number,  and  fled  into  the  woods. 

The  Battle  with  Ariovistus. 

The  two  armies  had  encamped^  near  the  Rhine 
in  the  territory  of  the  Sequani.      Ariovistus,  whose 


126  Latin  Composition. 

forces  were  larger,  led  his  (men)  past  the  camp  of 
the  Romans,  in  order  to  cut  them  off  from  supplies. 
When  Caesar  offered  battle  to  the  Germans,^  Ario- 
vistus  at  first  refused^  to  fight,  but  finally  attacked 
the  Roman  camp.  The  Romans  withstood  this  assault 
and  then  advanced  themselves  against  the  Germans, 
whom  they  soon  routed  and  pursued  to  the  Rhine. 
Only  a  very  few  escaped. 

Sugrgestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  help :  the  future  active  participle  of  juv6  is  Juvaturus. 

2.  to  each  other :  inter  se. 

3.  See  Lesson  XXIX,  Example  6. 

4.  that  when  the  Gauls :  in  Latin :  that  the  Gauls,  when  they^ 
etc. ;  B.  354,  2. 

5.  had  encamped :  translate :  had  pitched  camp. 

6.  offered  battle  to  the.  Germans :  translate :  harassed  the  Ger- 
mans  by  battle  (proeliS  lacessere). 

7.  re/used:  translate:  was  unwilling  {n616). 


LESSON  XL. 

INDIRECT  DISCOURSE   {cojitinued). 

GRAMMATICAL  REFERENCES. 

Conditional  Sentences  in  Indirect  Discourse.     319-322  en- 
tire ;  A.  &  G.  589  entire ;  H.  646,  647. 

EXAMPLES. 
Note.  —  The  direct  form  is  giveu  first  in  parenthesis. 

(si  hoc  credis,  erras,  if  you  believe  this,  you  are  wrong.) 

1.  dico  te,  si  hoc  credas,  errare,  /  say  that,  if  you  believe 
this,  you  are  wrong. 

2.  dixi  te,  si  hoc  crederes,  errare,  I  said  that,  if  you  believed 
this,  you  were  wrong. 

(si  hoc  credes,  errabis,  if  you  believe  (i.e.  shall  believe)  this, 
you  icill  be  wrong.) 

»     3.   dico  te,  si  hoc  credas,  erraturum  esse,  /  say  that  if  yqu 
believe  (i.e.  shall  believe)  this,  you  icill  be  wrong. 

4.  dixi  te,  si  hoc  crederes,  erratiirum  esse,  /  said  that  if 
you  should  believe  this,  you  would  be  wrong. 

(si  hoc  credideris,  errabis,  if  you  shall  have  believed  this, 
you  will  be  wrong.) 

5.  dico  te,  si  hoc  credideris,  erratiirum  esse,  /  say  that  if 
you  shall  have  believed  this,  you  will  be  icrong. 

6.  dixi  te,  si  hoc  credidisses,  erratiirum  esse,  /  said  that,  if 
you  should  have  believed  this,  you  would  be  wrong. 

127 


128  Latin  Composition. 

(si  hoc  credas,  erres,  if  you  should  believe  this,  you  would 
be  wrong.) 

7.  dico  te,  si  h5c  credas,  erraturum  ease,  /  say  that  if  you 
should  believe  this,  you  would  he  wrong. 

8.  dixi  te,  si  hoc  crederes,  erraturum  esse,  /  said  that,  if 
you  should  believe  this,  you  would  be  wrong. 

(si  hoc  crederes,  errares,  if  you  were  believing  this,  you 
would  be  in  error.) 

9.  died  (dixi)  te,  si  hoc  crederes,  erraturum  esse,  /  say 
(said)  that,  if  you  were  believing  this,  you  would  be  wrong. 

(si  hoc  credidisses,  erravisses,  if  you  had  believed  this,  you 
would  have  been  wrong.) 

10.  dico  (dixi)  te,  si  hoc  credidisses,  erraturum  fuisse,  / 
say  {said)  that,  if  you  had  believed  this,  you  would  have  been 
wrong. 

(si  h5c  dixisses,  punitus  esses,  if  you  had  said  this,  you 
would  have  been  punished.) 

11.  dioo  (dixi)  si  h5c  dixisses,  futurum  fuisse  ut  punireris, 
I  say  (said)  that,  if  you  had  said  this,  you  would  have  been  pun- 
ished, lit.  it  would  have  happened  that  you  should  be  punished. 

12.  non  dubitd  quin,  si  h5c  dixisses,  erraturus  fueria,  I.do 
not  doubt  that  if  you  had  said  this,  you  would  have  been  xcrong. 

13.  quaero,  num,  si  h5c  dixisses,  erraturus  fueris,  /  ask 
whether  you  would  have  made  a  mistake,  if  you  had  said  this. 

14.  tam  acriter  ptignatum  est  ut  si  equites  adfuissent  cas- 
tra  capi  potuerint,  the  fighting  was  so  fierce  that,  if  the  cavalry 
had  been  present,  the  camp  could  have  been  taken. 

VOCABULARY. 


advice,  cdnsillum,  I,  n. 
believe,  credo,  ere,  crSdidI, 

crSdltuB. 
declare,  dficl&rS,  1. 
emigrate,  6migr5,  1. 


labor,  labor,  Cris,  m. 
necessary,  necess^ius,  a,  am. 
resources,  opfis,  um,  f. 
secure,  procure,  parO,  1. 


Indirect  Discourse,  129 


EXERCISE. 


1.  These  envoys  declare  that  unless  we  lend  help  to 
the  Gauls  they  will  all  emigrate  from  home  and  seek 
new  abodes.  2.  I  believe  that  if  they  should  secure 
the  necessary  resources,  they  would  march  out  and 
bring  war  upon  us.  3.  He  says  that  if  the  enemy 
had  got  possession  of  this  bridge,  they  would  have  cut 
us  off  from  supplies.  4.  Do  you  think  that  we  should 
ever  have  undertaken  so  many  and  so  great  labors, 
unless  we  had  persuaded  ourselves  that  you  would 
lend  us  assistance?  5.  I  asked  him  whether  he 
would  have  come  if  I  had  sent  him  a  letter.  6.  I  do 
not  doubt  that  Caesar  would  have  made  peace  with 
the  Helvetii,  if  they  had  given  him  the  hostages  which 
he  demanded  of  them.  7.  I  say  that  you  will  be 
safe,  if  you  follow  my  advice.  8.  I  said  that  you 
would  be  safe,  if  you  should  follow  my  advice. 


LESSON  XLI. 

THE  INFINITIVE. 

GRAMMATICAL  REFERENCES. 

1.  Infinitive  without  Subject  Accusative,  used  as  Subject. 

327.  1,  2  and  « ;  A.  &  G.  452.  N.  2,  45r3.  a  ;  11.  G15,  612.  3. 

2.  Infinitive  without  Subject  Accusative,  used  as  Object. 

328.  1,  2 ;  A.  &  G.  456 ;  II.  607  and  1,  2,  608.  4,  612  and  1. 

EXAMPLES. 

1.  dulce  et  decorum  est  pro  patria  mori,  it  is  sweet  and 
noble  to  die  for  one'^s  country. 

2.  senatui  placuit  legatos  mittere,  the  Senate  decided  (lit. 
it  pleased  the  Senate)  to  send  envoys. 

3.  non  semper  licet  5ti5sum  esse,  one  cannot  be  always  at 
leisure. 

4.  patricio  tribuno  plebis  fieri  non  licebat,   it  was  not 
allowed  a  patrician  to  become  a  tribune  of  the  plebs. 

5.  litteras  mittere  non  audet,  he  does  not  dare  send  the  letter. 

6.  nonne  me  audire  vultis,  do  you  not  wish  to  hear  me  f 

7.  huic  audaciae  resistere  debetis,  you  ought  to  resist  this 
audacity. 

8.  col5niam  dediicere  cdnatas  est,  he  tried  to  lead  out  a 
colony. 

0.   evadere  n5n  potuit,  he  could  not  escape. 

10.  paratus  abire,  7'fndy  to  depart. 

11.  assuetus  videre,  accustomed  to  see. 

12.  beatus  esse  sine  virtute  nem5  potest,  no  one  can  be 
happy  without  virtue. 

ISO 


The  Infinitive. 


131 


Remarks. 

1.  Note  that  where  the  English  says  '  ought  to  have  done,* 
'  might  have  done,'  the  Latin  uses  debui,  oportuit,  potui,  with 
the  present  infinitive,  as,  debuit  venire,  he  ought  to  have  come ; 
potuit  venire,  he  might  (could)  have  come. 


VOCABULARY. 


accept,    accipio,    ere,    cepi, 

ceptus. 
behold,   aspicio,  ere,  spexi, 

spectus. 
between,  inter,  prep,  with  ace. 
confer,  colloquor,  I,  collocu- 

tus. 
find  (by  search),  reperio,  ire, 

repperl,  repertus. 
gather    (trans.),    cogo,     ere, 

coegi,  CO  actus, 
habit,  mos,  moris,  m. 


make  ready,  paro,  1. 
merit,  virtus,  litis,  f. 
measure     out,     metior,     iri, 

mensus. 
pain,  dolor,  oris,  m. 
permitted,  it  is  permitted,  licet, 

ere,  licuit,  impersonal, 
recount,  enumero,  1. 
retreat,    recipio,    ere,    cepi, 

ceptus,  with  the  reflexive, 
treat,  treat  of,  ago,  ere,  egi, 

actus. 


EXERCISE. 

1.  It  is  not  our  habit  to  accept  terms  of  peace  from 
an  enemy.  2.  It  is  necessary  to  hasten  at  once  into 
Gaul  and  crush  this  uprising.  3.  It  was  permitted 
to  withdraw.  4.  On  account  of  the  multitude  of  the 
enemy  we  decided  to  refrain  from  battle.  5.  At 
what  time  did  this  bridge  begin  to  be  built  ?  ^  6.  The 
Treveri  having  already  gathered  large  forces  were 
making  ready  to  attack  Labienus.  7.  On  this  day  it 
was  necessary  to  measure  out  grain  to  the  soldiers. 
8.  Most  of  the  tribes  neglected  to  send  to  the  main- 


132  Latin  Composition. 

land  the  hostages  that  they  had  promised.  9.  I  wish 
to  confer  with  you  concerning  those  matters  which 
began  to  be  treated  of  between  us.  10.  Caesar 
decided  to  fight,  as  soon  as^  he  saw  that  the  enemy 
wished  to  retreat.  11.  It  was  not  easy  to  prevent 
him  from  finding  us.  12.  I  began  to  recount  the 
merits  of  this  general  a  little  while  ago.  13.  Could 
you  behold  all  this  without  the  greatest  pain  ?  14.  You 
ought  to  have  read  this  book.  15.  You  might  have 
reminded  ^  me  of  this  before. 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  he  built :  use  fi5,  fieri,  factus. 

2.  The  order  in  Latin  should  be :  Caesar  as  soon  as  he,  etc. ;  B. 
351,2. 

3.  might  have  reminded :  see  Remark  1. 


LESSON   XLII. 

THE  INFINITIVE  (continued). 

GRAMMATICAL  REFERENCES. 

1.  Infinitive  with  Subject  Accusative,  used  as  Subject. 
330;  A.  &  G.  455.  2;  H.  615. 

2.  Infinitive  with  Subject  Accusative,  used  as  Object.  331 
entire ;  A.  &  G.  459  ;  H.  613.  1-3. 

3.  Passive  Construction  of  Verbs  which  in  the  Active  are 
followed  by  the  Infinitive  with  Subject  Accusative.  332 
entire;  H.  611.  1,  2  and  Notes  1,  3. 

EXAMPLES. 

1.  legem  esse  brevem  oportet,  the  law  ought  to  be  brief. 

2.  turpe  est  me  mortem  timuisse,  it  is  disgraceful  for  me  to 
have  feared  death. 

3.  milites  remigesque  reverti  jussit,  he  ordered  the  soldiers 
and  oarsmen  to  return. 

4.  consul  ludos  fieri  vetuit,  the  consul  forbade  the  games  to 
be  held. 

6.  non  patiar  istam  suspicionem  manere,  I  icill  not  allow 
that  suspicic^n  to  remain. 

6.  sinite  me  nostram  calamitatem  praeterire,  permit  me  to 
pass  over  our  misfortune. 

7.  cur  hunc  tanto  dolore  affici  vis,  why  do  you  wish  this 
man  to  be  visited  with  so  great  grief  9 

8.  vos  enim  haec  audire  cupio,  for  I  wish  you  to  hear  this. 

9.  maluit  se  diligi  quam  metui,  Jie  preferred  to  be  loved 
rather  than  feared. 

133 


134  Latin  Composition. 

10.  non  moleste  ferebant  se  libidinum  vinculis  laxatoa 
esse,  they  did  not  regret  (lit.  bear  it  ill)  that  they  had  been 
freed  from  the  fetters  of  passion. 

11.  his  frumentum  dari  cogebat,  he  compelled  grain  to  be 
given  to  these. 

12.  ire  in  exsilium  jussus  est,  he  teas  ordered  to  go  into 
exile. 

13.  populi  majestas  conservari  jubetur,  the  majesty  of  the 
people  is  ordered  to  be  preserved. 

14.  videbatur  magnam  gloriam  c6nsecutus,i  he  seemed  to 
have  attained  great  gloi'y. 

15.  dicitur  in  Italiam  venisse,  he  is  said  to  have  come  into 
Italy. 

16.  Aristides  justissimus  fuisse  traditur,  Aristides  is  re- 
ported to  have  been  very  just. 

17.  traditum  est  Aristidem  justissimum  fuisse,  it  is  re- 
ported that  Aristides  was  very  just. 

Notes  on  the  Examples. 

1)  Observe  that  the  participle  in  the  compound  tenses  of  the 
infinitive  agrees  with  the  subject  of  the  main  verb  in  constructions 
of  this  type.    The  auxiliary  esse  is  also  freely  omitted. 

Remarks. 

1.  Note  that  verbs  which  have  no  participial  stem  express  the 
future  infinitive  active  and  passive  by  fore  ut  or  futdrum  esse 
ut,  with  the  subjunctive,  as  spSrS  fore  ut  hostSs  arceantur,  I 
hope  the  enemy  will  he  kept  off,  lit.  /  hope  it  will  happen  that  the 
enemy  will  be  kept  off. 

VOCABULARY. 


band,  manus,  Hb,  f. 
citizen,  clvis,  is,  c. 
clear,  is  clear,  cSnstat,  fire, 
stitit,  impersonal. 


discuss,  disputS,  1. 
fair,  just,  aequus,  a,  um. 
forbid,  vets,  5re,  ui,  itus. 
formerly,  51im. 


The  Infinitive, 


135 


hold  regard,  habeo,  ere,  ui, 

itus. 
injure,  laedo,  ere,  laesi,  lae- 

sus. 
keep  apart,  distineo,  ere,  ui, 

tentus. 
other  side  of,  ultra,  prep,  with 

ace. 


present,  praesens,  entis. 
report,  announce,  nuntid,  1. 
reputation,  fama,  ae,  f. 
sacred,  sacer,  sacra,  sacnim. 
unwilling,  be  unwilling,  nolo, 
nolle,  nolui. 


EXERCISE. 

1.  It  is  not  fair  (for)  the  Germans  to  cross  the  Ehine 
and  come  into  Gaul.  2.  It  was  clear  that  Caesar 
would  wage  war  in  the  territory  of  the  Veneti.  3.  It 
is  of  great  importance^  that  the  bands  of  the  enemy 
be  kept  apart.  4.  They  reported  to  us  that  the* 
ascent  of  this  mountain  was  not  difficult.  5.  It  is 
clear  that  this  town  could  not  be  defended.  6.  I  am 
unwilling  that  these  matters  be  discussed  in  your 
presence.^  7.  He  ordered  Sabinus-  to  lead  out  four 
cohorts.  8.  He  forbade  the  bridge  to  be  torn  down. 
9.  The  Sequani  will  suffer  the  Helvetii  to  go  through 
their  territory.  10.  The  Belgians  are  said  formerly 
to  have  dwelt  the  other  side  of  the  Rhine.  11.  He 
did  not  wish  his  reputation  to  be  injured.  12.  This 
army  seems  to  have  been  entirely  wiped  out.  13.  Do 
we  not  wish  the  rights  of  Roman  citizens  to  be  held 
sacred  among  all  nations  ? 

Uprising:  of  the  Belgae. 

Having  defeated  the  Helvetii  and  the  Germans, 
Caesar  returned  across^  the  Alps  into  Hither  Gaul. 


136  Latin  Composition, 

Here  lie  passed  the  winter  and  held  court.*  At  the 
beginning  of  the  next  spring  he  enrolled  two  new 
legions  and  set  out  for  Gaul,  where  the  Belgae  were 
conspiring  and  exchanging  hostages.*  These  had  long 
seen  that  Caesar  was  gradually  drawing  near  them, 
and  believed  that  he  would  soon  lead  a  Roman  army 
against  them.  Accordingly,  remembering  their  ancient 
valor,  they  decided  to  resist  the  Romans. 

Sugrg-estions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  is  of  great  importance  :  magrnopere  interest. 

2.  in  your  presence :  translate:  you  being  present. 

3.  across:  per. 

4.  held  cow't :  the  Latin  idiom  for  '  held  court '  is  conventds 
(ace.  plu.)  agrere. 

5.  exchanging  hostages:   translate:   giving  hostages   bettoeen 
themselves. 


LESSON  XLIII. 

PARTICIPLES. 

GRAMMATICAL  REFERENCES. 

1.  Tenses  of  the  Participle.     336.  1-5;  A.  &  G.  489  and 
491 ;  H.  640  and  1. 

2.  Use  of  Participles.     337.  1-3,  5,  8,  a,  6.  1),  2)  ;  A.  &  G. 
494;  496,  497  and  d)  500  and  1,  2, 4;  H.  638, 1-3,  639,  613.  5. 

EXAMPLES. 

1.  audio  te  loquentem,  I  hear  you  as  you  speak. 

2.  audivi  te  loquentem,  I  heard  you  as  you  were  speaking. 

3.  audiam  te  loquentem,  I  shall  hear  you  as  you  speak,  i.e. 
as  you  shall  be  speaking. 

4.  locutus  tacet,  he  has  spoken  and  is  silent,  lit.  having 
spoken  he  is  silent. 

6.   locutus  tacuit,  he  had  spoken  and  was  silent. 

6.  locutus  tacebit,  he  will  speak  and  then  keep  silent. 

7.  idoneum  tempus  ratus,  Athenas  se  contulit,  thinking 
the  time  favorable,  he  betook  himself  to  Athens. 

8.  Plato  scribens  est  mortuus,  Flato  died  ichile  writing. 

9.  perfidiam  veritus  ad  su5s  recessit,  fearing  treachery,  he 
returned  to  his  own  troops. 

10.  Catonem  vidi  in  bibUotheca  sedentem,  I  saw  Cato  sitting 
in  his  library. 

11.  Polyphemum  Homerus  cum  ariete  colloquentem  facit, 
Homer  represents  Polyphemus  talking  with  the  ram. 

137 


138  Latin  Composition. 

12.  post  reges  exactos,  after  the  expulsion  of  the  kings,  lit. 
after  the  kings  expelled. 

13.  leges  observandae,  laws  deserving  of  observance. 

14.  veniendum  est,  it  is  necessary  to  come. 

15.  huic  mulieri  parcendum  est,  this  woman  miist  be  spared. 

16.  obliviscendum  est  injuriarum,  07ie  must  forget  injuries. 

17.  legem  scribendam  curavit,  he  saw  to  the  engrossing  of 
the  law. 

18.  eum  jugulandum  vobis  tradiderunt,  they  handed  him 
over  to  you  to  be  put  to  death. 

Remarks. 

1.  Note  that  the  perfect  passive  participle  is  often  equivalent 
to  a  co-ordinate  clause  in  English,  as,  C.  Servilius  Ahftla  Sp. 
Maelium  occupatum  interemit.  Gains  Servilius  Ahala  sur- 
prised and  slew  Spurius  Maelius,  lit.  slew  him  having  been 
surprised. 

2.  Observe  that  the  present  active  participle  is  used  much  less 
freely  in  Latin  than  in  English.  We  employ  it  somewhat  loosely  to 
denote  an  act  prior  to  that  of  the  verb  with  which  it  is  connected; 
as,  *  Finding  no  means  of  escape,  he  surrendered.'  Here  the  finding 
is  anterior  to  the  surrender.  In  such  cases  the  Latin  would  employ 
some  other  form  of  expression ;  in  that  language  the  present 
participle  is  usually  strictly  limited  to  the  expression  of  acts  con- 
temporary with  the  action  of  the  main  verb. 

VOCABULARY. 


advance,  prdgredior,  I,  gre«- 

■U8. 

civil,  cIviliB,  e. 

found,     condd,     ere,     didi, 

ditus. 
hand  over,  trftdd,  ere,  dldl, 

ditus. 
offer,  d5,  dare,  dedX,  datus. 


old,  vetus,  veteris. 
overthrow,  6vert5,  ere,  verti, 

versus. 
provide,  provide  for,  cilrS,  1. 
pupil,  disclpuluB,  I,  m. 
ravage,  populor,  1. 
rejoice,  gaude5,  6re,  gftvlsus. 


Participles.  139 


republic,     res     publica,     rei 

publicae,  f. 
seven   hundredth,   septingen- 

tesimus,  a,  um. 


strong,  validus,  a,  um. 
think,  arbitror,  1. 
thither,  eo. 
urge,  hortor,  1. 


EXERCISE. 

1.  Kejoicing  that  this  opportunity  was  offered  to 
him/  he  ordered  his  soldiers  to  advance.  2.  I  heard 
you  urging  your  pupils  to  read  Caesar's  commentaries 
on  the  civil  war.  3.  In  the  seven  hundred  and  eighth 
year  after  the  founding  of  the  city  the  old  republic 
was  overthrown.  4.  We  must  withdraw  ^  from  these 
woods  to  our  camp.  5.  We  must  use^  these  vessels. 
6.  Having  ravaged  these  districts,  they  returned  to 
camp.  7.  Thinking  that  this  war  could  be  quickly 
finished,  Caesar  led  his  army  thither.  8.  The  legions 
were  held  almost  surrounded  by  the  enemy.  9.  Our 
men  attacked  the  rest  as  they  attempted  to  cross  this 
river.  10.  I  provided  for  defending  the  city  by  many 
strong"*  guards.  11.  I  handed  these  prisoners  over  to 
you  to  be  led  back  to  camp. 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  Use  the  reflexive. 

2.  we  must  withdraw :  translate :  it  must  he  withdrawn  by  us. 

3.  we  must  use :  translate :  it  m,ust  he  used  hy  us. 

4.  many  strong :  translate :  many  and  strong ;  B.  241,  3. 


LESSON  XLIV. 

THE  GERUND;   THE  GERUNDIVE  CONSTRUCTION;  THE 
SUPINE. 

GRAMMATICAL   REFERENCES. 

1.  The  Gerund.  338.  1-5 ;  A.  &  G.  502 ;  504  and  h ;  505 
and  a ;  506  and  N.  2 ;  507 ;  H.  624,  626,  627,  628  and  foot- 
note 2,  629. 

2.  The  Gerundive  Construction.  339.  1-5 ;  A.  &  G.  503 ; 
504  and  h,  505,  506,  507 ;  H.  621,  623  and  1,  628. 

3.  The  Supine.  340  entire ;  A.  &  G.  509,  510  and  N.  2 ; 
H.  632  and  1,  633,  635  and  1,  2,  4. 

EXAMPLES. 

1.  finem  sequendi  fecit,  he  made  an  end  of  following. 

2.  cupidus  te  audiendi,  desirous  of  hearing  you. 

3.  gldriandi  causa,  for  the  sake  of  boasting. 

4.  spatium  sumamus  ad  c5gitandum,  let  us  take  time  for 
reflection. 

6.   fratrem  tuum  laudandd,  by  praising  your  brother. 

6.  ex  discendo  capiunt  voluptatem,  they  derive  pleasure 
from  learning. 

7.  consilium  urbis  delendae  et  civium  trucldanddrum,  the 
plan  of  destroying  the  city  and  massacring  the  citizens. 

8.  sensus  ad  res  percipiendas  iddnei,  Fenses  adapted  to  per- 
ceivitig  objects. 

0.  Brutus  in  liberanda  patria  interfectus  est,  Brutus  toat 
slain  in  freeing  his  country. 

140 


The   Gerund,  141 

10.  cupiditas  plura  ^  habendi,  desire  of  having  more. 

11.  ad  agrum  fruendum^  nos  allectat  senectus,  old  age 
invites  us  to  enjoy  the  farm. 

12.  sui  conservandP  causa,  for  the  sake  of  saving  them- 
selves. 

13.  vestri  conservandi  ^  causa,  for  the  sake  of  saving  your- 
selves. 

14.  pacem  petitum  oratores  mitttint,  they  send  envoys  to 
ask  for  peace. 

15.  mirabile  auditu,  wonderful  to  hear  1 

Notes  on  the  Examples. 

1)  The  Gerundive  Construction  could  not  be  used  here;  plti- 
rium  habendorum  could  be  masculine  as  well  as  neuter,  and 
would  thus  occasion  ambiguity. 

2)  Note  that  fruor,  like  the  other  deponents  governing  the  ab- 
lative, admits  the  gerundive  construction. 

3)  Conservandi  agrees  merely  in  form  with  sui  and  vestri ; 
in  sense  it  is  plural. 

Remarks. 

1.  The  dative  of  the  gerund  and  of  the  gerundive  are  both  rare 
in  Ciceronian  Latin;  consequently  the  construction,  though  com- 
mon later,  is  hardly  to  be  imitated  by  the  beginner  in  Latin  writing. 

VOCABULARY. 


accomplish,     conficio,     ere, 

feci,  fectus. 
against,  in,  prep,  with  ace. 
ambush,  insidiae,  arum,  f. 
arm,  armo,  1. 
collect,     coUigS,     ere,     legi, 

lectus. 
draw  on,  lure  on,  traho,  ere, 

txdc^,  tractuB. 


endure,   perfero,   ferre,  tuli, 

latus. 
for    (denoting    purpose),    ad, 

prep,  with  ace. 
gain  possession  of,  potior,  irl, 

itus. 
hurl,   conicio,   ere,   conjSci, 

jectus. 
ready,  promptus,  a,  um. 


142  Latin  Composition. 


renew,  renovo,  1. 
spend,  dSgd,  ere,  dSgi. 

sufficient,  satis. 


temper,  animus,  i,  m. 
winter,     spend     the      winter, 
hiemo,  1. 


EXERCISE. 


1.  These  tribes  formed  the  plan  of  renewing  the  war 
and  crushing  the  Eoman  legion.  2.  All  hope  of 
gaining  possession  of  this  town  at  once  departed. 
3.  We  stationed  our  troops  in  this  village  for  the 
sake  of  wintering  (here).  4.  No  opportunity  was 
offered  for  hurling  javelins^  against  the  enemy. 
5.  I  believe  that  one  year  will  be  sufficient  for  accom- 
plishing these  things.  6.  The  temper  of  the  Gauls 
is  ready  for  undertaking  wars,  but  it  is  weak  for  en- 
during misfortunes.  7.  Wonderful  to  tell,  no  one 
was  in  charge  of  these  troops.  8.  Very  little  time 
was  given  the  Romans  for  arming  themselves.  9.  We 
spent  three  days  at  Geneva  in  writing  Jetters. 
10.  By  their  eagerness  for  pursuing  they  were  drawn 
on  to  the  place  of  ambush.  11.  They  gave  the 
enemy  no  opportunity  of  collecting  themselves. 

The  Pifirht  with  the  Nervli. 

As  the  Romans  were  pitching  camp  on  the  summit 
of  a  hill  near  the  left  bank  of  the  Sabis '  river,  the 
Nervii  and  their  allies  suddenly  crossed  the  stream 
and  advanced  up  hill  ^  towards  the  Roman  camp.  So 
sudden  was  the  onset  that  time  was  not  given  the 
Romans  for  arming  themselves.     They  fought  where 


The   Gerund,  143 

they  stood,*  without  line  of  battle,  without  leaders, 
without  plan.  But  such  was  their  courage  and  dis- 
cipline in  consequence  of  former  battles,  that  they 
finally  defeated  the  Nervii  and  reduced  their  tribe 
almost  ^  to  extinction.^ 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  for  hurling  javelins :  use  the  genitive  of  the  gerund. 

2.  Sabis :  Sabis,  is. 

3.  up  hill :  adverse  coUe  ;  literally,  the  hill  being  against 
(them) . 

4.  stood:    use  the  pluperfect  of   consisto,  —  constiterant ; 
literally,  had  taken  their  stand. 

5.  Almost:  prope. 

6.  extinction :  intemecio,  onis. 


SUPPLEMENTARY  EXERCISES 

IN 

CONTINUED   DISCOURSE. 
15.* 

Galba  at  Octodurus. 

Servius  Galba  was  a  brave  lieutenant,  who  had  been 
ordered  by  Caesar  to  conduct^  one  legion  and  eight 
hundred  horsemen  into  (the  territory  of)  the  Veragri. 
Galba  had  stationed  his  cohorts  in  a  village,  which  is 
called  Octodurus,  and  was  fortifying  a  camp,  when 
suddenly  the  Gauls  made  an  attack  upon  ^  the  Romans. 
After  these  ^  had  resisted  bravely  (for)  many  hours, 
they  finally  made  a  sortie,*  and  put  the  Gauls  to 
flight.* 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  conduct:  dSdacO,  ere,  dazi,  ductus. 

2.  upon :  in,  with  ace. 

3.  after  these  had  resisted,  they  made ;  translate :  these,  after 
they  resisted,  made,  etc. 

4.  sortie :  SruptiO,  Onls. 

5.  put  to  flight :  in  f uffam  coniciS,  ere,  conjScI,  conjectus. 


•  Fourteen  passages  of  continuous  discourse  have  been  inter- 
spersed among  the  preceding  lessons. 

144 


Exercises  in  Continued  Discourse.         145 

16. 

Crassus's  Expedition  against  the  Maritime  Tribes. 

A  few  months  after  ^  the  Belgians  had  been  brought 
under  the  Eoman  power,  Publius  Crassus  was  sent 
with  an  army  into  the  maritime  ^  states  lying  ^  between 
the  Loire  ^  and  the  Seine.^  Here  dwelt  the  Veneti 
and  many  other  tribes,  all  (of)  which  were  especially 
skilled^  in  seamanship.  Crassus  persuaded  these  to 
submit^  to  the  Romans  and  to  give  him^  hostages. 
But  they  soon  repented  ^  of  this  act,  and  when  in  the 
following ^*^  winter  Roman  officers"  came  into  these 
districts  to  levy^^  grain,  they  were  arrested  ^^  and 
held  "  by  the  Veneti. 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  a  few  months  after:  translate :  by  a  few  months  after  (post- 
quam) . 

2.  maritime :  maritimus,  a,  una. 

3.  lying :  use  positus,  a,  um ;  literally,  placed. 

4.  Loire :  Liger,  is ;  aec.  Ligerim. 

5.  (Seine ;  Sequana,  ae. 

6.  especially  skilled  in:  use  superlative  of  peritus,  a,  una; 
governs  gen. 

7.  submit :  use  se  dedere  (dedo,  ere,  dedidi,  itus). 

8.  him:  reflexive. 

9.  they  repented  of  this  act :  translate :  it  repented  them  of  this 
act.    Compare  Lesson  XIV,  Examples  11,  12. 

10.  following :  proximus,  a,  una. 

11.  officers  :  use  praefectus,  i. 

12.  levy :  inapero,  1, 

13.  arrested :  use  conaprehendo,  ere,  endi,  ensus. 

14.  held :  use  retineo,  ere,  ui,  tentus. 


146  Latin  Composition, 

17. 

War  Breaks  out  with  the  Veneti. 

The  neighboring  tribes  quickly  followed  the  ex- 
ample ^  of  the  Veneti.  Thus  ^  a  new  war  broke  out.^ 
Caesar  himself  had  set  out  for  Illyricum,  when  he 
was  informed  through  messengers  of  these  occur- 
rences.'* Since  he  knew  that  the  Gauls  would  not 
wage  war  before  the  next  spring,  he  remained  in  his 
province  the  entire  winter.  Meanwhile/  fearing** 
that  the  Belgae  might  lend  aid  to  the  maritime  Gauls, 
he  sent  Labienus  with  all  the  cavalry  to  the  Rhine. 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  example :  exemplum,  i. 

2.  thus:  ita. 

3.  break  out :  use  coorlor,  iri,  ortus. 

4.  occurrences  :  use  res. 

5.  meanwhile :  intereS. 

6.  fearing:  use  vereor.  For  the  tense,  see  Lesson  XLIII, 
Example  7. 

18. 

Caesar's  Preparations  for  the  Contest. 

Since  Caesar  understood  that  the  Veneti  would  fight 
with  ships,  he  ordered  a  large  Roman  fleet  to  be  made 
ready  and  rowers  and  pilots  ^  to  be  collected  from  the 
province.  Having  first  assembled^  his  land'  forces  at 
the  beginning  of  the  summer,  he  began  to  attack  the 
towns  of  the  Veneti  and  captured  very  many.  But 
whenever*  a  town  was  captured,  the  enemy  escaped  by 


Exercises  in  Continued  Discourse.         147 

means  of  their  ships  and  betook  themselves  to  another 
place. 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  pilots :  use  gubernator,  oris. 

2.  assembled:  use  c6g5,  ere,  coegi,  coactus. 

3.  land:  use  pedester,  tris,  e. 

4.  whenever:  see  288.  3  ;  A.  &  G.  548;  H.  601.  4. 

19. 

End  of  the  Struggle. 

Accordingly  Caesar  decided  to  wait  for  ^  the  Eoman 
fleet,  which  had  long  been  detained  by  violent^  storms. 
When  this  arrived,  the  Komans  and  Veneti  engaged  in 
a  naval  battle,^  which  lasted*  from  the  fourth*  hour 
until  sunset.^  Although  the  Veneti  were  superior  ^  in 
number  of  vessels,  the  Komans  finally  conquered.^ 
For  Brutus,  who  was  in  charge  of  the  fleet,  had 
equipped^  his  (men)  with  sharp ^*^  hooks"  fastened ^^  to 
long  poles,^'^  by  means  of  which  they  cut^''  the  rigging^* 
of  the  ships  of  the  enemy. 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  wait  for :  exspecto,  1  (transitive). 

2.  violent :  translate :  very  great. 

3.  engarjed  in  a  battle:  use  pugnam  committere  (com- 
mitto,  ere,  misi,  missus). 

4.  which  lasted :  begin  a  new  sentence,  and  translate :  it  teas 
fought  (impers.)- 

5.  fourth ;  quartus,  a,  um. 

6.  sunset:  occasus  solis  (occasus,  us). 


148  Latin  Composition. 

7.  were  superior:  use  superS,  1, 

8.  conquered:  use  vinco,  ere,  vici,  victus. 

9.  equipped:  use  instruo,  ere,  struxi,  stractus. 

10.  sharp :  acutus,  a,  um. 

11.  hooks:  falx,  falcis,  f. 

12.  fastened :  use  af figo,  ere,  fixi,  flxus. 

13.  long  poles:  use  long-urius,  i,  m. 

14.  cut :  use  abscido,  ere,  cidi,  scisus. 

15.  rigging :  rudentes,  um,  m. 


20. 
The  Germans  Invade  Qa\il. 

Although  after  three  years  Caesar  had  subdued  ^  all 
the  Gallic  tribes  which  resisted  Roman  authority,^  yet 
the  Germans  were  unwilling  to  remain  in  their  own 
territory,  and  often  crossed  the  Rhine  into  Gaul.  In 
the  consulship  of  Pompey  and  Crassus  a  large  multi- 
tude of  Usipetes  ^  and  Tencteri  *  had  emigrated  from 
home  and  come  into  the  territory  of  the  Belgae. 
Thinking  it  would  be  dangerous,*  if  he  should  allow** 
these  to  remain,  Caesar  decided  to  bring  war  upon 
them. 

Suersrestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  subdued:  use  dom5,  &re,  ul,  itus. 

2.  authority :  auctSritfts,  atis,  f. 

3.  f/«i/)e<e«;  Usipetes,  um. 

4.  Tencteri :  Tencteri,  Orum. 

6.  dangerous  :  periculOsus,  a,  um. 
6.  allou) :  ainO,  ere,  sivl,  situs. 


Exercises  in  Continued  Discourse.         149 

21. 

Massacre  of  the  Germans. 

The  ambassadors  of  the  Germans  had  asked  Caesar 
to  assign  ^  them  lands  or  to  suffer  them,  with  the  sanc- 
tion 2  of  the  Eoman  people,  to  hold  those  which  they 
had  already  seized  in  the  territory  of  the  Menapii. 
While  the  ambassadors  were  discussing  ^  these  matters 
with  Caesar  at*  a  conference,  they  were  suddenly 
arrested.  Caesar  then  marched  out  with  all  his  forces 
and  attacked  the  camp  of  the  Germans,  before  they 
knew  what  had  happened.  Many  thousands  perished,* 
and  the  rest  returned  into  Germany. 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  assign:  tribuo,  ere,  ui,  utus. 

2.  sanction  :  volTintas,  atis. 

3.  were  discussing :  ago,  ere,  egi,  actus. 

4.  at :  translate  :  in. 

5.  perished:  pereS,  ire,  ii,  itiirus. 


22. 

Condemnation  of  Caesar's  Act. 

There  were  some  ^  at  Rome  who  blamed  this  act  of 
Caesar.  He  himself  says  in  his  Commentaries  that 
the  Germans  were  merely  ^  seeking  a  delay ,^  until  the 
cavalry  which  they  had  sent  across  the  Meuse  *  should 
return.  Whether  this  suspicion  was  well-grounded* 
or  not,  we  do  not  know.     Most  (persons)  believe  that 


150  Latin  Composition, 

Caesar  was  cruel  and  treacherous.  In  the  Roman 
Senate  Cato  even  moved  ^  that  Caesar  be  given  up  ^  to 
the  Germans,  that  they  might  take  vengeance  on  him. 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  some :  nonnuUi,  ae,  a. 

2.  merely :  tantum. 

3.  delay :  mora,  ae. 

4.  Meuse :  Mosa,  ae. 

5.  well-grounded:  Justus,  a,  um. 

6.  moved:  censeo,  ere,  ui,  census. 

7.  given  up  :  trado,  ere,  didi,  ditus. 


23. 
Caesar  Crosses  the  Rhine. 

The  Ubii,  who  had  been  made  tributaries^  by  the 
Suebi,  a  powerful  German  tribe,  had  already  long  be- 
fore,^ through  their  envoys,  entreated^  Caesar  to  free 
them  from  the  domination*  of  the  Suebi.  Besides 
this  *  the  Usipetes  and  Tencteri  had  found  safety  and 
abodes  among  the  Sugambri,  another  German  tribe. 
For®  these  reasons  Caesar  decided  to  cross  the  Rhine, 
and  build  a  bridge  of  piles,^  by  which  to  lead®  his 
troops  across.  But  the  Sugambri,  as  soon  as  they 
heard  that  Caesar  was  drawing  near  them,  abandoned* 
their  villages  and  betook  themselves  into  the  forests. 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  tributaries :  vectigaies,  lum. 

2.  long  before :  before  by  much. 


Exercises  in  Continued  Discourse,         151 

3.  entreated :  obsecro,  1. 

4.  domination :  dominatio,  onis. 

5.  besides  this  the  Usipetes  had  found :  translate:  it  was  added 
that  the  Usipetes  had  found.    See  Lesson  XXXIV,  Example  11. 

6.  for :  propter,  prep,  with  ace. 

7.  of  piles :  use  the  ablative ;  pile  iu  Latin  is  sublica,  ae. 

8.  by  which  to  lead  across :  use  a  Relative  Clause  of  Purpose. 

9.  abandoned :  desero,  ere,  m,  sertus. 


24. 

Caesar's  Second  Invasion  of  Britain. 

In  the  consulship  of  Pompey  and  Crassus^  Caesar 
first  landed^  an  army  in  Britain.  A  year  later ^  he 
set  out  a  second  time  *  for  this  island  with  five  legions 
and  a  large  number  of  cavalry.  When  he  had  disem- 
barked* his  army  and  chosen  a  place  suitable  for  a 
camp,  he  inquired  from  certain  captives^  where  the 
enemy  were,  and  was  informed  that,  terrified  by  the 
multitude  of  Eoman  ships  which  they  had  seen,  they 
had  withdrawn  far  from  the  coast.^ 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  in  the  consulship  of  Pompey  and  Crassus :  express  by  the 
iVblative  Absolute. 

2.  landed:  expono,  ere,  posui,  positus. 

3.  a  year  later :  translate :  afterwards  by  a  year. 

4.  a  second  time  :  iterum. 

5.  disembarked :  use  expono,  as  above. 

6.  captives:  captivus,  i,  m.  . 

7.  coast :  litus,  oris. 


152  Latin  Composition, 

25. 

The  Britons. 

Caesar  tells  (us)  that  at  this  time  there  were  many 
large  and  very  powerful  tribes  in  Britain;  that  of 
these  the  most  civilized^  were  those  which  inhabited 
Kent,^  a  region  on  the  sea  ^ ;  that  as  money  *  they  did 
not  use  gold  and  silver,*  but  copper  and  iron^;  that 
timber''  of  almost  every  kind  grew*  there,  except^ 
beech  and  fir  ^^ ;  that  the  Britons  had  hares,  geese,  and 
hens,"  but  thought  it  impious  ^^  to  eat^  these. 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  civilized :  hamftnus,  a,  um. 

2.  Kent :  Cantium,  i. 

3.  on  the  sea :  maritimus,  a,  um. 

4.  as  money  :  pro  nummo  :  literally,  for  money, 

5.  gold,  silver :  aurum,  i;  argentum,  I. 

6.  copper,  iron:  aes,  aeris;  ferrum,  i. 

7.  timber :  materia,  ae. 

8.  grew  :  nSscor,  i,  natus. 

9.  except :  praeter;  prep,  with  ace. 
10.  beech,  fir:  f&gus,  I;  abiSs,  etis. 

H.  hares,  geese,  hens:  lepus,  oris,  m.;  Anser,  eris,  m.; 
gallina,  ae,  f. 

12.  impiotis  :  nefas,  indecl. 

13.  eat :  edS,  ere,  Sdl.  Ssiis. 


26. 
A  Battle  with  the  Britons. 

On  the  following '  day  our  cavalry  fought  with  the 
horsemen  and  charioteers^  of  the  enemy,  and  drove'* 


Exercises  in  Continued  Discourse,         153 

them  from  the  plain  across  a  small  stream  into  the 
woods ;  but  following  too  eagerly,  our  men  lost  more 
than  twenty^  of  their  own  number.^  They  then  re- 
turned across  the  stream  and  were  fortifying  a  camp, 
when  suddenly  the  Britons  rushed  forth®  from  the 
woods  and  made  an  attack  upon'  our  men  engaged^ 
in  the  work. 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  following :  use  posterus,  a,  um,  here. 

2.  charioteers:  essedarius,  i. 

3.  drove  :  repello,  ere,  reppuli,  pulsus, 

4.  more  than  tioenty  :  see  217.  3;  A.  &  G.  407.  c;  H.  471.  4. 

5.  of  their  own  number :  see  Lesson  XXIII,  Remark  1. 

6.  rushed  forth :  se  eicio  (eicio,  ere,  ejeci,  ejectus). 

7.  upon :  in,  with  ace. 

8.  engaged :  versatus,  a,  um. 


27. 

Caesar  Prepares  to  Return  to  Gaul. 

Finally  the  Britons  sent  envoys  to  Caesar  with 
reference  to^  submission.^  They  promised  they  would 
give  the  hostages  which  he  demanded,  and  furnish  him 
grain  and  all  things  which  he  should  need.^  Caesar, 
since  he  wished  to  pass  the  winter  on  the  continent,* 
in  order  to  see  to  it  ^  that  the  Gauls  made  no  ^  uprising,' 
received  the  hostages  and  led  his  army  back  to  the  sea. 
Here  he  found  the  ships,  which  had  been  shattered® 
by  a  storm,  already  repaired.^ 


154  Latin  Composition. 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  with  reference  to  :  d§. 

2.  submission :  deditiS,  Snis,  f . 

3.  which  he  should  need :  see  Lesson  XVI,  Example  11. 

4.  continent:  continens,  entis,  f. ;  abl.  continent!. 
6.  see  to  it :  video,  ere,  vidi,  visus. 

6.  that  the  Gauls  made  no:  translate:  that  the  Gauls  should  not 
make  any. 

7.  uprising  :  motus,  us,  m. 

8.  shattered:  aflQigo,  ere,  flixi,  flictus. 

9.  repaired :  reflciS,  ere,  feci,  fectus. 


Caesar's  Second  Expedition  into  Germany. 

In  the  following  ^  year  Caesar  led  his  army  a  second 
time  ^  into  Germany,  because  the  Suebi  had  sent  help 
to  the  Treveri.  He  crossed  the  Rhine  by  a  bridge  a 
little  above  ^  that  place  where  he  had  led  his  army 
across  two  years  before.  When  he  inquired  of  the 
Ubii  where  the  Suebi  were,  he  was  informed  that,  as 
soon  as  they  had  learned  of*  Caesar's  approach,  they 
had  betaken  themselves  into  the  midst  of  a  forest  of 
boundless  *  extent/  which  is  called  Bacfinis. 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  /o//ou>in»7;  posterus,  a,  um. 

2.  a  second  time :  iterum. 

3.  above :  suprft,  prep,  with  ace. 

4.  of:  dS. 

5.  boundless :  Inflnltus,  a,  um. 

6.  extent :  magnitQdO,  inis,  f. 


Exercises  in  Continued  Discourse,         155 


Institutions  of  the  Gauls  — Tlie  Druids. 

Caesar  tells  (us)  that  in  all  Gaul  those  who  were 
of  any  account^  and  honor  were  either  Druids^  or 
Knights ;  that  the  Druids  attended  to '  the  sacrifices  * 
both  public*  and  private  and  the  other  religious^  ob- 
servances; that  they  also  decided'  controversies,  and 
determined^  rewards^  and  punishments;  that  at  the 
head  ^^  of  all  the  Druids  was  one,  who  was  regarded  as 
the  chief;  that  at  a  fixed  time  of  year  they  all  assem- 
bled in  a  consecrated  place  in  the  territory  of  the 
Carnutes." 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  account :  numerus,  i,  m. ;  of  account :  express  by  the 
Ablative  of  Quality. 

2.  Druids :  Druides,  um. 

3.  attended  to:  procuro,  1  (transitive). 

4.  sacrifices :  sacriflcium,  i,  n. 

5.  public,  pHvate  :  publicus,  a,  um  ;  privatus,  a,  um. 

6.  religious  observances :  use  religio,  onis,  f . 

7.  decided :  decerno,  ere,  crevi,  cretus. 

8.  determined:  constituo,  ere,  ui,  atus. 

9.  rewards,  punishments :  praemium,  i ;  poena,  ae. 

10.  was  at  the  head:  praesum,  esse,  fui. 

11.  Carnutes :  Garnutes,  um. 

30. 

The  Druids  (continued). 

(Caesar  tells  us)  That  hither^  came  all  who  had 
controversies  and  submitted  to^  the  decisions  of  the 
Druids;  that  the  Druids  themselves  enjoyed  exenip- 


156  Latin  Composition, 

tion^  from  military  service*  and  all  other  burdens,* 
which  the  people  bore ;  that  the  system  ®  originated  ^ 
in  Britain  and  was  transferred  ®  from  there  ®  to  Gaul ; 
and  that  those  who  wished  to  understand  it  better 
were  wont  ^^  to  go  thither  for  the  sake  of  learning  (it). 

Sugrerestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  hither:  hac. 

2.  submitted  to :  pare5,  ere,  ui,  itarus;  governs  the  dative. 

3.  exemption:  immanitas,  atis,  f, 

4.  from  militarif  service :  use  the  genitive  of  militia,  ae. 

5.  burden :  onus,  eris,  n. 

6.  system :  disciplina,  ae,  f . 

7.  originated :  orior,  iri,  ortus. 

8.  was  transferred:  transfer©,  ferre,  tuli,  latns. 

9.  from  there :  illinc. 

10.  were  wont :  soleS,  ere,  solitxis. 


31. 

The  Oauls  Plan  an  Uprising:. 

A  short  time  after  ^  Caesar  had  set  out  for  Italy, 
frequent^  rumors*  were  brought  to  the  Gauls  that 
great  dissensions  had  broken  out  *  at  Kome  and  that 
Caesar,  detained  on  that  account,*  was  not  able  to 
return  to  his  army.  Induced®  by  this  opportunity,' 
they  began  to  adopt  plans  for  waging  war  * ;  nor  did 
they  doubt  that  they  would  be  able  to  cut  Caesar  off 
from  the  army,  if  he  should  return  into  Gaul,  since 
the  legions  did  not  dare®  to  march  out  from  winter 
quarters  without  their  commander. ^'^ 


Exercises  in  Continued  Discourse,         157 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  See  p.  145,  Exercise  16,  Suggestion  1. 

2.  frequent:  creber,  bra,  brum. 

3.  rumors:  rumor,  oris,  m. 

4.  break  out :  coorior,  iri,  coortus. 

5.  on  that  account :  propterea. 

6.  induced  :  impell5,  ere,  puli,  pulsus, 

7.  opportunity  :  liere  use  occasio,  onis,  f. 

8.  for  waging  tear:  use  tiie  genitive  of  the  gerundive  con- 
struction. 

9.  dare :  audeS,  ere,  ausus. 

10.  commander :  imperator,  oris,  m. 


32. 

Vercingetorix. 

The  leader  of  this  uprising  ^  was  Vercingetorix,  an 
Arvernian,^  a  young  man  of  the  greatest  ability  and 
daring,^  whose  father  for  many  years  had  held  the 
leadership^  of  all  Gaul  and  had  finally  been  killed  on 
the  ground  that^  he  sought  regal  power.  When  his 
plans  became  known,^  the  chieftains  of  the  Arverni, 
who  did  not  believe  that  the  Roman  power  could  be 
crushed  at  this  time,  endeavored  to  restrain  him/  but 
Vercingetorix,  having  collected  a  large  band,  urged 
his  (countrymen)  to  take  arms  for  the  sake  of  their 
common  freedom.^ 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  uprising :  motus,  us,  m. 

2.  Arvernian  :  Arvernus,  i. 

3.  ability,  daring :  virtus,  utis,  f . ;  audacia,  ae,  f . 

4.  leadership  :  principatus,  us,  m., 


158  Latin   Composition. 

5.  on  the  ground  that :  quod  ;  286 ;  A.  &  G.  MO.  2  ;  H.  588.  II. 

6.  when  his  plans  became  knoicn  :  translate :  his  plans  having 
become  known.     As  verb  use  cogrn6sc6,  ere,  novi,  nitus. 

7.  endeavored  to  restrain :  express  by  the  Conative  Imperfect  of 
coerceo,  ere,  ui,  itus, 

8.  freedom :  libertas,  atis,  f . 


Caesar  Returns  to  Gaul. 

Meanwhile  the  Koman  commander-in-chief  suddenly 
returned  to  Gaul  in  the  depth  of  winter.^  He  quickly- 
made  ready  those  things  which  he  regarded  necessary 
for  defending  the  province,  and  sent  also  a  large  force* 
across  the  Cevennes^  Mountain(s)  into  the  territory  of 
the  Arverni.  But  he  did  not  dare  to  remain  here, 
fearing  that  he  might  be  cut  off  from  his  army. 
Accordingly  he  came  first  to  Vienne,*  and  from  there,* 
attended  only  by  a  few  horsemen,  he  returned  through 
the  Haedui  to  his  own  troops. 

Suererestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  depth  of  winter :  translate :  middle  of  winter, 

2.  force:  use  the  plural,  c6plae. 

3.  Cevennes:  Cevenna,  ae. 

4.  Viennc :  Vienna,  ae. 
6.  from  there :  inde. 

84. 

Verclngretorix  is  Accused  of  Treason. 

While  these  ^  (events)  were  in  progress,'*  Vercin- 
getorix  was  accused,  of  treason  by  liis  (countrymen), 


Exercises  in   Continued  Discourse,         159 

* 
because  a  few  days  previously  he  had  moved  his  camp 

nearer  the  Komans ;  because  he  had  himself  departed 

with  the  larger  part  of  the  Gallic  horsemen ;  because 

he  had  put  no  one  in  charge  of  the  infantry^  forces 

which  he  had  left  behind."*     His  enemies  said  that 

all  these  (things)  could  not  have  happened^  without 

design,^  and  that  he  seemed  to  be  seeking  the  regal 

power  through  Caesar's  favor/ 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  these  :  use  the  neuter. 

2.  were  in  progress :  use  the  passive  of  ag5,  ere,  egi,  actus. 
For  the  mood  and  tense,  see  293.  I ;  A.  &  G.  556 ;  H.  604.  1. 

3.  infantry :  use  pedester,  tris,  tre, 

4.  had  left  behind :  relinquo,  ere,  liqui,  lictus. 

5.  could  not  have  happened:  translate:  were  not  able  to  hap' 
pen ;  Lesson  XLI,  Remark  1. 

6.  design :  consilium,  i,  n. 

7.  favor :  in  this  sense,  gratia,  ae,  f. 


35. 

Vercingetorix's  Defence. 

"As  to  the  fact  that^  I  moved  the  camp,  I  did  this 
in  order  that  we  might  find  more  fodder  2;  as  to  my 
approaching^  nearer  the  Romans,  I  simply*  chose  a 
place,  which  we  could  defend  more  easily ;  as  to  my 
withdrawing^  the  cavalry,  I  wished  to  use  it.  I  did 
not  hand  over  to  any  one  the  forces  which  I  left,  lest 
he  should  be  forced^  by  the  multitude  to  fight,  against 
my  will.^"      When  he  had   said   these   and  similar 


160  Latin  Composition. 

(things),  the  whole  multitude  shouted®  that  they  no 
longer  ^  doubted  concerning  his  loyalty.^® 


Suggrestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  as  to  the  fact  that :  quod,  with  indicative. 

2.  fodder :  pabulum,  i.    For  the  proper  case  here,  see  Lesson 
XII,  Example  7. 

3.  as  to  my  approaching :  translate :  as  to  the  fact  that  I 
approached.    Use  appropinqu5,  1. 

4.  simply:  tantum. 

5.  as  to  my  withdraioing :  see  Suggestion  3.    For  withdraw 
(transitive),  use  deduce,  ere,  duxi,  ductus. 

6.  6e /orced  .•  c6g6,  ere,  coegi,  coactus, 

7.  against  my  10 ill :  translate:  I  being  unwilling, 

8.  shouted:  conciamS,  1. 

9.  no  longer :  jam  n6n. 
10.  loyalty  :  fides,  ei,  f . 


36. 
Pinal  Revolt  of  the  Gauls. 

Finally  all  the  Gauls  from  the  Pyrenees*  to  the 
Rhine,  except  the  Remi  ^  and  a  few  other  states,  re- 
volted,^ hoping  that  they  could  drive  the  Romans  out 
of  Gaul  and  regain*  their  former  freedom.  The 
Haedui  demanded  that  a  leader  chosen  from  their 
state  should  be  placed  in  charge  of  the  war,  but  the 
rest  desired*  Vercingetorix,  who,  having  been  ap- 
pointed commander-in-chief,  betook  himself  to  Alesia, 
a  town  well  fortified®  and  stocked'  with  food  and 
other  supplies.* 


Exercises  in  Continued  Discourse.         161 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  Pyrenees :  Pyrenaei  montes, 

2.  Remi :  Remi,  orum. 

3.  revolted:  deflcio,  ere,  feci,  fectum. 

4.  regain:  recupero,  1. 

5.  desired:  cupio,  ere,  cupivi,  itus. 

6.  well  fortified :  use  the  superlative  of  mdnitus,  a,  um. 

7.  stocked :  refertus,  a,  um. 

8.  supplies :  opes,  um. 


37. 

The  Gauls  Make  Sorties  from  Alesia. 

The  eighty  thousand  Gauls  shut  up^  with  Vercin- 
getorix  in  Alesia  soon  lacked  food.^  They  determined 
therefore  ^  to  try  *  whether  ^  they  could  break  through  ® 
the  circumvallation  ^  of  the  Eomans.  Their  first 
assault  was  repulsed,^  but  on  the  following^  day  they 
filled  (up)  the  trenches  of  the  enemy  and  drove  the 
defenders  from  the  rampart.^^  Then  Labienus,  sent 
thither  by  Caesar,  collected  the  nearest  cohorts  and 
with  four  legions  attacked  the  enemy. 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  shtit  up :  include,  ere,  clusi,  clusus. 

2.  lacked  food :  translate :  food  was  lacking  to.  Use  desum, 
deesse,  defui. 

3.  therefore  :  igitur,  post-positive. 

4.  to  try :  conor,  1. 

5.  whether :  use  si ;  300.  3 ;  A.  &  G.  576.  a ;  H.  649.  II.  3. 

6.  break  through  :  perrunapS,  ere,  rupi,  ruptus. 

7.  circumvallation :  vallum,  i. 


162  Latin  Composition. 

8.  repulsed:  repello,  ere,  reppuli,  pulsus. 

9.  following :  posterus,  a,  um. 
10.  rampari ;  afirgrer,eris,m. 


Failure  of  the  Gallic  Cause. 

Before  the  eyes  of  Caesar  himself,  who  came  into 
view  ^  at  this  crisis,^  the  Gauls  were  driven  back,  and 
the  squadrons  ^  of  Koman  cavalry  that  had  come  with 
Caesar,  attacking  their  rear  as  they  fled,*  cut  them  to 
pieces.  On  the  following  day  Vercingetorix,  having 
called  a  council,  declared  that  they  must  yield*  to 
fortune  and  that  he  himself  was  prepared*^  to  give  him- 
self up'  to  the  Eoman  commander-in-chief.  Mounted 
on  his  horse  ^  he  advanced  to  the  tribunal  *  of  Caesar, 
surrendered  himself  and  his  weapons,  and  sat  down^° 
in  silence"  on  the  steps ^^  at^^  Caesar's  feet. 

SuGrerestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  view :  c5nspectus,  Us. 

2.  crisis :  discrimen,  inis,  n. 

3.  squadrons  :  turma,  ae. 

4.  their  rear  as  they  fled :  translate  :  the  rear  of  (them)  fleeing. 

6.  theij  must  yield :  translate :  it  must  be  yielded ;  impersonal 
use  of  the  passive  periphrastic  conjugation. 

C.  prepared :  paratus,  a,  um. 

7.  give  himself  up :  se  dSdere. 

8.  mounted  on  his  horse:  equ5  vectus;  literally,  borne  by 
his  horse. 

9.  tribunal:  tribflnal,  ftlis,  n. 

10.  sat  down:  cdnsidd,  ere,  sSdi,  sessum. 


Exercises  in  Continued  Discourse,         163 

11.  in  silence :  ta.c\t\x.a. 

12.  steps:  gradus, us. 

13.  at:  ad. 


Beginning  of  Strife  between  Pompey  and  Caesar. 

When  Caesar  had  brought  all  Gaul  under  the  power 
of  the  Romans,  he  placed  Titus  Labienus  in  charge  of 
these  districts  and  himself  set  out  for  Italy.  There 
he  was  informed  that  his  enemies  were  urging  that  he 
be  deprived  of  a  part  of  his  army.  Caesar  promised 
that  he  would  disband  ^  a  part  of  his  troops,  if  Pompey 
would  do  the  same,  and  released  ^  two  legions.  These 
he  supposed^  would,  according'^  to  the  resolution  *  of 
the  Senate,  be  sent  to  the  Parthian  ^  war,  but  he  later 
found  out  that  they  had  been  handed  over  to  Pompey. 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  disband:  dimitto,  ere,  misi,  missus. 

2.  released:  remitto,  ere,  misi,  missus. 

3.  supposed:  credo,  ere,  credidi,  itus. 

4.  according  to :  ex. 

5.  resohitio7i:  con8ultuTO.,i,n. 

6.  Parthian :  Parthicus,  a,  um. 


40. 

The  Character  of  Caesar. 

It  is  difficult  to  form  a  correct  judgment*  concern- 
ing Caesar's  character.^     It  is  admitted^  that  in  early 


164  Latin  Composition. 

life  ^  he  was  dissolute,*  and  that  afterwards  he  showed 
no  regard^  for  justice  and  the  laws.  Yet  he  was  (a 
man)  of  exceptional  ^  foresight,^  and  saw  not  only  from 
what  evils  the  state  was  suffering  ^  but  also  by  what 
means  ^'^  these  could  be  checked."  Yet  on  account  of 
his  premature  ^^  death  we  cannot  say  how  success- 
fully^^ he  would  have  organized"  the  government/* 
if  he  had  lived. 

Suggestions  on  the  Exercise. 

1.  form  a  correct  judgment :  r§cte  jtldicftre. 

2.  character:  Ingenlum. 

3.  it  is  admitted :  constat. 

4.  in  early  life :  express  by  adulSscSns  in  agreement  with  the 
subject  of  the  dependent  infinitive. 

5.  dissolute  :  libidinosus,  a,  um. 

(i.  showed  no  regard:  'to  show  no  regard*  is  in  Latin  n6n 
ratiSnem  habere,  construed  with  a  gen.  of  the  thing. 

7.  exceptional :  singularis,  e. 

8.  foresight :  prtldentia,  ae. 

9.  was  suffering  from :  labOrS,  1 ;  with  abl. 

10.  means:  ratiS,  6nis. 

11.  be  checked :  contineS,  Sre,  ui,  tentus. 

12.  premature  :  praematarus,  a,  um. 

13.  successfully:  feliciter. 

14.  would  have  organized:  cOnstltuO,  ere,  ul,  tltus;  for  the 
mood  and  tense,  see  322.  b. 

16.  government :  rSs  pttbllca. 


SPECIMENS     OF     LATIN     COMPOSITION 
ENTRANCE    PAPERS    SET    BY   REP- 
RESENTATIVE   INSTITUTIONS. 

The  sea  was  so  full  of  pirates  that  no  Roman  sailed 
there  in  safety.  Traders  were  afraid  that  their  for- 
tunes would  not  be  safe.  Even  armies  crossed  in  the 
dead  of  winter  to  escape  the  pirates ;  for  they  knew 
that  a  fleet  which  had  a  consul  for  commander  had 
been  sunk  at  Ostia.  When  men  asked  who  was  de- 
fending the  provinces,  the  answer  was  that  no  one 
was  defending  them,  that  perhaps  the  city  of  Rome 
itself  would  be  taken.  —  Based  on  Cicero:  Manilian 
Law,  31-33.  —  Harvard,  1904  (Advanced). 

Since  you  have  now  captured  the  wicked  leaders 
of  this  dangerous  and  nefarious  conspiracy  you  may 
(debere)  consider  all  the  hopes,  all  the  sources  of 
Catiline  to  be  ruined  {concidere).  For  I  drove  him 
from  the  city  because  I  knew  that  he  alone  was  to  be 
feared,  but  only  as  long  as  he  was  within  the  walls  of 
the  city.  He,  indeed,  knew  everything ;  he  selected 
apt  men  and  peri^uaded  them  to  perform  the  most 
shameful  deeds.  When  he  had  conceived  (capere)  a 
plan,  his  tongue  and  his  hands  were  always  ready  to 
accomplish  it.  When,  therefore,  I  drove  him  from  the 
city  into  the  camp  I  relieved  you  from  the  greatest 
burden  and  anxiety,  so  that  you  might  live  in  peace. 

165 


166  Latin  Composition. 

For  if  Catiline  had  remained  in  the  city  we  should  al- 
ways have  to  fight  against  him.  But  since  he  is  gone, 
there  is  no  reason  why  we  should  fear  either  Lentulus 
or  Cassius  or  Cethegus.  —  Ya/e,  1903. 

1.  Was  it  not  because  the  Haedui  could  not  defend 
themselves  that  they  sent  envoys  to  Caesar  to  ask  his 
aid? 

2.  When  everything  had  been  prepared  for  depart- 
ure, there  came  storms  which  kept  our  soldiers  in  camp. 

3.  I  think  no  one  can  deny  that  all  these  things 
which  we  see  are  ruled  by  the  power  of  the  gods. 

4.  Who  doubts  that  our  soldiers  have  already  gained 
possession  of  the  smaller  camp?  —  College  Entrance 
Board,  1903  {Elementary). 

If  Cicero  had  not  urged  the  Senate  to  declare  that 
the  conspirators  were  no  longer  citizens,  on  the  ground 
that  they  had  plotted  against  their  country,  he  him- 
self would  have  acted  more  justly  and  his  enemies 
would  have  been  unable  later  to  secure  his  banishment. 
Nevertheless  we  must  not  believe  that  Cicero  was  in- 
fluenced by  bad  motives.  No  one  ought  to  doubt  that 
he  was  very  fond  of  his  country  and  was  desirous  only 
of  protecting  his  fellow-citizens  from  destruction. 
Without  doubt  he  had  persuaded  himself  that  the 
safety  of  the  country  demanded  the  death  of  the  con- 
spirators. But  he  ought  to  have  known  that  he  was 
putting  them  to  death  contrary  to  law.  —  College  En- 
trance Board,  1904  (Advanced). 


Sx>ecimen  Entrance  Papers.  167 

If  there  had  been  a  larger  supply  of  grain  in  this 
camp,  I  should  not  have  informed  you  that  our  sol- 
diers were  without  food.  Since  I  did  not  know  what 
else  we  could  do,  I  sent  to  you  these  messengers  that 
we  might  learn  whether  you  could  send  us  help.  No 
one  doubted  that  you  were  in  the  same  place  near  the 
territory  of  the  Allobroges.  —  College  Entrance  Board, 
1904  {Elementary). 

1.  On  receiving  the  letter,  the  general  sent  messen- 
gers to  say  that  the  Romans  desired  peace,  but  would 
fight  all  who  attacked  them.  Meanwhile  he  fortified 
his  camp  and  got  together  as  large  a  supply  of  pro- 
visions as  possible.  Two  days  afterwards  the  enemy 
came  in  sight,  but  soon  withdrew.  Nevertheless  the 
Eoman  general  asked  for  reenforcements,  since  it  was 
clear  that  the  enemy  would  return  next  year  in  still 
greater  force.  He  now  realized  that  he  must  show  the 
greatest  diligence,  that  the  soldiers  must  be  encouraged, 
and  that  spies  must  be  sent  to  learn  the  movements  of 
the  enemy.     In  this  way  the  winter  passed. 

2.  I  am  sorry  that  I  said  that  I  would  not  go.  Now 
I  do  not  know  what  to  do.  What  do  you  advise  ?  Tell 
me  what  you  really  think,  for  I  trust  you  in  every 
thing.  —  Princeton,  1904. 

.  1.  Caesar  set  out  to  the  army  earlier  than  was  his 
wont.  Upon  his  arrival  he  learned  that  what  he  had 
suspected  would  be  done  had  actually  been  done :  that 
embassies  had  been  sent  by  several  states  to  the 
Germans,  and  that  the  latter  had  been  invited  to  leave 


168  Latin  Composition. 

the  Ehine  [with  the  promise]  that  all  their  demands 
should  be  granted. 

2.  Therefore,  since  the  war  is  so  necessary  that  it 
cannot  be  neglected,  so  great  that  it  must  be  carried  on 
with  the  utmost  care,  and  since  you  are  able  ta  place 
in  command  of  it  a  general  who  has  full  knowledge  of 
the  art  of  war,  exceptional  valor,  splendid  reputation, 
wonderful  fortune,  do  you  still  hesitate,  citizens,  to 
employ  [use  verb  coiiferre']  for  the  preservation  and 
enlargement  of  the  state  this  great  blessing,  which  the 
immortal  gods  have  offered  you  ?  —  Wellesley^  1902. 

1.  The  next  day  they  moved  the  camp  from  that 
place.  Caesar  did  the  same  and  sent  forward  all  the 
cavalry  to  the  number  of  four  thousand  to  see  in  what 
direction  the  enemy  were  marching.  Word  was  brought 
to  Caesar  that  these,  following  too  eagerly  upon  the 
enemy's  rear,  had  engaged  in  battle  with  the  cavalry  of 
the  Helvetians  and  had  been  repulsed.  Caesar  kept 
his  men  from  fighting,  until  by  forced  marches  they 
had  come  to  a  place  about  six  miles  distant  from  the 
enemy's  camp.  Then  at  last  Liscus  was  persuaded  to 
tell  what  he  knew  of  the  plans  of  the  Haedui. 

2.  Since  I  have  spoken  of  the  character  of  the  war, 
I  will  now  say  a  few  words  as  to  its  magnitude.  For 
this  can  be  said,  that  the  war  is  so  necessary  that  it 
must  be  waged,  not  so  great  that  it  must  be  dreaded.* 

3.  Therefore,  fellow-citizens,  do  you,  as  I  have  said, 
defend  your  houses  by  night-watches:  I  have  made 
provision  that  the  city  should  have  sufficient  protection 
without  any  disturbance.  —  Wellesley,  1904. 


GENERAL  VOCABULARY. 


N<?tE.  — "Words  enclosed  in  parentheses  are  not  themselves  defined,  but  are 
inserted  to  assist  in  the  definition  of  other  words.  Regular  verbs  of  the  first 
conjugation  are  indicated  by  the  numeral  1  following  the  present  indicative. 


A. 

able,  be  able,  possum,  posse, 

potui. 
abode,  domicilium,  i,  n. 
about,   concerning,    de,    prep. 

with  abl. 
about,  around,  circum,  prep. 

with  ace. 
absent,  be  absent,  absum,  esse, 

afui,  afuturus. 
accept,     accipio,     ere,     cepi, 

ceptus. 
accomplish,   efficio,   ere,    feci, 

fectus  ;  conficio,  ere,  feci, 

fectus. 
accordingly,  itaque. 
(account),  on  account  of,  prop- 
ter, prep,  with  ace. 
accuse,  accus5,  1. 
accustomed,    am    accustomed, 

perfect  tenses  of  consuesco, 

ere,  suevi,  suetus. 
acquainted,      be      acquainted 

with,     perfect    tenses    of 

cognosco,  ere,  novi,  nitus. 
across,  trans,  prep,  with  ace. 
act,  factum,  i,  n. 
(added),  be  added,  accedo,  ere, 


cessi,    cessurus ;   literally, 

approach  ;  it  is  added,  ac- 

cedit,  ere,  accessit. 
adjudge^  jiidic5,  1. 
admire,  admiror,  1. 
admonition,    give   admonition, 

admoneo,  ere,  ui,  itus. 
adopt  (a  plan),  capio,  ere,  cepi, 

captus. 
advance,  progredior,  i,  gressus 

sum. 
advantage,  commodum,  i,  n.  ; 

iisus,  lis,  ra. 
advice,  consilium,  i,  n. 
advise,  moneo,  ere,  ui,  itus. 
advocate,     promoter,     auctor, 

oris,  ra. 
afraid,  be  afraid,  timeo,   ere, 

ui. 
Africa,  Africa,  ae,  f. 
after,  postquam,  conj. 
after,  post,  prep,  with  ace. 
afterwards,  postea. 
against,  in,  prep,  with  ace. 
against,  contrary  to,  contra, 

prep,  with  ace. 
(age),  at  the  age  of,  natus,  con- 
strued with  the  ace.  of  the 

age. 


169 


170 


Latin  Composition, 


ago,  ante,  adv. 

aid,  subsidium,  i,  n. 

Alesia,  Alesia,  ae,  f.  » 

alive,  vivus,  a,  um. 

all,  omnis,  e. 
all    the  best,   noblest,   etc., 
quisque,  with  superl. 

allies,  socii,  orum,  m. 

Allobroges,  AUobroges,  um,  m. 

allow,  sino,  ere,  sivi,  situs. 

almost,  paene. 

Alps,  Alpes,  ium,  f. 

already,  jam.  ^ 

already  for  a  long  time,  jam 
diu. 

also,  etiam ;  quoque,  post-posi- 
tive. 

alter,  converto,  ere,  verti,  ver- 
sus. 

although,  though,  quamquam ; 
quam  vis ;  cum. 

always,  semper. 

ambassador,  legatus,  i,  m. 

ambush,  insidiae,  arum,  f. 

among,  apud,  prep,  with  ace. 
among,  between,  in  the  midst 

of,  inter,  prep,  with  ace. 
among,  in,  in,  prep,  with  abl. 

ancestors,  majores,  um,  m. 

ancient,  pristinus,  a,  um  ;  anti- 
quus,  a,  um. 

and,  et;  -que  (enclitic);  atque. 
and  not,  neve,  neu  ;  neque. 
and  yet,  quamquam. 

angry,  be  angry,  irascor,  i,  con- 
strued with  dat. 

announce,  nuntid,  1. 

another,  alius,  a,  ud. 


answer,  responded,  ere,  spondi, 

sponsum. 
anybody,  any  one,   anything, 

quisquam,  quaequam,  quia- 

quam;  quis,  quid. 
Apollo,  Apollo,  inis,  m.  t«. 
appearance,  species,  ei,  f. 
appoint,  constituo,  ere,  ui,  iitus. 
appoint,  elect,  cred,  1 ;   ai>- 

point   (a    dictator),    dico, 

ere,  dixi,  dictus. 
approach,  adventus,  iis,  m. 
approach  somebody  or  some- 
thing,   adeo,   ire,    ii,  itus 

(trans.) ;  accedo,  ere,  cessi, 

cessurus,    followed  by  ad 

with  ace. 
approve,  probo,  1. 
April,  of  April,  Aprilis,  e. 
Aquileia,  Aquileia,  ae,  f. 
Aquitania,  Aquitania,  ae,  f. 
Arar,  Arar,  aris,  m. 
archer,  Sagittarius,  i,  m. 
Ariovistus,  Ariovistus,  i,  m. 
arm,  armo,  1. 
armament,    armor,    armatura, 

ae,  f. 
armed,  armatus,  a,  um. 
arms,  weapons,  arma,  5rum,  n. 
army,  exercitus,  us,  m. 
army   (on   the  march),   ag- 

men,  inis,  n. 
arrest,  comprehendd,  ere,  hendi, 

hensus. 
arrival,  adventus,  us,  m. 
arrive,  adveniS,  ire,  veni,  ven- 

tum  ;  perveni5,  ire,  rSni, 

ventum. 


General   Vocabulary, 


171 


arrogant,  insolens,  entis. 
Arveriii,  Arvemi,  orum,  m. 
as,  ut. 
as,  when,  cum  ;  ut ;  ubi. 
as,  correlative  with  previous 

so  or  as^  quam. 
as  =  so,  tarn. 
2&  if,  as  though,  quasi. 
as  long  as,  dum. 
as    not    to,   after   so^   such, 
etc.,  in  a  negative  clause, 
quin. 
as  soon  as,  simul  atque  (ac). 
ascent,  ascensus,  iis,  ni. 
ashamed,  it  shames,  pudet,  ere, 

uit,  impersonal, 
ask  (a  question) ,  rogo ;  inter- 
rogo,  1. 
ask,  inquire  of,  quaero,  ere, 

quaesivi,  quaesitus. 
ask,  request,  rogo,  1. 
assassination,  caedes,  is,  f. 
assault,  oppugnatio,  5iiis,  f. 
assemble  (intrans.),  convenio, 

ire,  veni,  ventum. 
assembly,  concilium,  i,  n. 
assistance,  auxilium,  i,  n. 
at,  ad,  prep,  with  ace.;  also  in, 
prep,  with  abl. 
(at  hand) ,  be  at  hand,  adsum, 

esse,  adfui,  adfuturus. 
at  once,  statim. 
attack  (noun),  impetus,  us,  m. 
attack  (verb),  adorior,  iri,  ortus 
sum. 
attack,  assault  (a  town),  op- 
pugno,  1. 
attempt,  conor,  1. 


attend,  accompany,  comitor,  1. 
authority,  auctoritas,  atis,  f. 
auxiliaries,  auxilia,  orum,  n. 
avail,  valeo,  ere,  ui,  itiirus. 
avenge,  ulciscor,  i,  ultus. 
avenue,   avenue  of    approach, 

aditus,  iis,  m. 
avoid,  vito,  1. 
await,  exspecto,  1. 
away,  be  away,  be  distant,  ab- 

sum,  esse,  afui,  afuturus. 

B. 

bad,  malus,  a,  um. 

baggage,   impedimenta,   orum, 

n. 
band,  manus,  us,  f. 
baneful,  capitalis,  e. 
bank,  ripa,  ae,  f. 
barbarians,  barbari,  orum,  m. 
battle,  proelium,  i,  n.;  pugna, 

ae,  f . 
be,  sum,  esse,  fui,  futunis. 
be  without,  careo,  ere,  ui,  itu- 

rus. 
bear,  fero,  ferre,  tuli,  latus. 
bear  in  mind,  memini,  isse, 

with  gen.  of  the  person, 
because,  quod  ;  quia  ;  cum. 
become,  fi5,  fieri,  factus  sum. 
before,    in    the    presence    of, 

apud,  ad,  preps,  with  ace. 
before,  ante  ;  antea,  adv. 
before,  antequam,  priusquam, 

conj.  • 

beg,  5r6,  1. 
begin,   coepi,  coepisse ;    when 

governing  a  pass.   inf.  the 


172 


Latin  Composition. 


perf.  ind.  is  regularly  coep- 

tus  est. 
begin  (a  thing) ,  instituo,  ere, 

ui,  utus ;    begin   (battle), 

proelium    committd,    ere, 

misi,  missus, 
beginning,  initium,  i,  n. 
behold,    aspicio,    ere,     spexi, 

spectus. 
Belgians,  Belgae,  arum,  m. 
believe,     cred5,    ere,     credidi, 

creditus. 
besides  (prep.),  praeter,  with 

ace. 
besides  (adv.),  praeterea. 
best,  superl.  of  bonus, 
betake    oneself,    recipio,    ere, 

cepi,   ceptus,    with   a  re- 
flexive, 
betray,    prodo,    ere,    prodidi, 

ditus. 
better,    adj.,     melior  ;     adv., 

melius. 
between,  inter,  prep,  with  ace. 
Blbracte,  Bibracte,  is,  n. 
Bibulus,  Bibulus,  i,  m. 
blame  (noun),  culpa,  ae,  f. 
blame  (verb),  culpO,  1. 
blessing,  commodum,  i,  n. 
block,    obstruct,   obstruo,   ere, 

struxi,  structus. 
l)loodshe(l,  caedes,  is,  f. 
blue,  caeruleus,  a,  um. 
boast,  make  a  boast,  glorior,  1. 
boat,  navigtum,  i,  n. 
body,  corpus,  oris,  n. 
book,  liber,  libri,  m. 
booty,  praeda,  ae,  f. 


borders,  fines,  ium,  m. 

born,  be  born,  nascor,  i,  natus 

sum. 
born,  natus,  a,  um. 
both  .  .  .  and,  et  .  .  .  et. 
both,   each,  uterque,  utraque, 

utrumque. 
boy,  puer,  eri,  m. 
brave,  fortis,  e. 
bravely,  fortiter. 
bravery,  fortitudo,  inis,  f. 
break  (of  camp),  moveo,  ere, 

movi,  motus. 
bridge,  pons,  pontis,  m. 
bring,  affero,  ferre,  attuli,  al- 

latus. 
bring  back,  rediico,  ere,  diixi, 

ductus, 
bring    back    word,     referS, 

ferre,  rettuli,  relatus. 
bring  under,  redigo,  ere,  egi, 

actus, 
bring  on  or  upon,  infer5,  ferre, 

intuli,  illatus ;    with  dat. 

of  indir.  obj. 
Britain,  Britannia,  ae,  f. 
Britons,  Britanni,  5rum,  m. 
broad,  latus,  a,  um. 
brother,  frater,  tris,  m. 
brushwood,  virgulta,  5rum,  n. 
build,  struS,  ere,  striixi,  striic- 

tus ;  (a  bridge)  faci6,  ere, 

feci,  factus. 
burrt  (tr.),  of  things,  combiir5, 

ere,   ussi,   ustus ;    of  per- 
sons, crem5,  1. 
but  (if  strongly  adversative), 

sed. 


General   Vocabulary. 


173 


but  (denoting  transition) ,  au- 

tem,  post-positive, 
but  if,  sin. 
buy,  emo,  ere,  emi,  emptus. 
by  (of  personal  agent),  a,  ab, 
prep,  with  abl. 
by  no  means,  minime. 

C. 

Caesar,  Caesar,  is,  m. 
call,  name,  appell5,  1. 
call,  summon,  voco,  1. 
call  together,  convoco,  1. 
camp,  castra,  orum,  n. 
can,   be  able,  possum,   posse, 

potui. 
captive,  captivus,  i,  m. 
capture,  capio,  ere,  cepi,  captus. 
care,  cura,  ae,  f. 
carry,  porto,  1. 
carry    (in),     infero,     ferre, 

intuli,  illatus. 
Carthage,  Karthago,  inis,  f. 
Cassius,  Cassius,  i,  m. 
Casticus,  Casticus,  i,  m. 
Catamantaloedes,    Catamanta- 

loedes,  is,  m. 
Cato,  Cato,  5nis,  m. 
cause,  causa,  ae,  f. 
cavalry,     equitatus,     iis,    m. ; 

equites,  um,  m.  pi. 
cease,  desisto,  ere,  destiti. 
centurion,  centurio,  onis,  m. 
century  (military  division),  cen- 

turia,  ae,  f. 
certain,    certain  one,    quidam, 

quaedam,      quiddam      or 

quoddam. 


change  (of  affairs),  res  novae, 
rerum  novarum,  f . 

character,  nature,  natura,  ae,  f. 
character,    acquired    charac- 
ter, mores,  um,  m. 

characteristic  of,   proprius,   a, 
um. 

charge,  be  in  charge,  praesum, 
esse,  fui,  construed  with 
dat. 
charge,  put  in  charge,  prae- 
ficio,  ere,  feci,  fectus, 
construed  with  dat. 

chariot,  war  chariot,  essedum, 
i,  n. 

cherish,  col5,  ere,  colui,  cultus. 

chief,  princeps,  ipis,  m. 

chieftain,  princeps,  ipis,  m. 

children,  liberi,  orum,  m. 

choose,  deligo,  ere,  legi,  lectus. 

Cincinnatus,  Cincinnatus,  i,  m. 

citizen,     fellow-citizen,     civis, 
is,  m. 

city,  urbs,  urbis,  f. 

civil,  civilis,  e. 

clear,   be    clear,    constat,   are, 
stitit,  impersonal. 

clearly  hear,  exaudio,  ire,  ivi, 
itus. 

climb,  ascendo,  ere,  endi,  en- 
sus. 
climb  over,  transcends,  ere, 
scendi. 

cohort,  cohors,  rtis,  f. 

collect,  colligo,  ere,  legi,  lec- 
tus. 

colony,  colonia,  ae,  f. 

come,  venio,  ire,  veni,  ventum. 


174 


Latin  Composition, 


come  np,  arrive,  advenio,  ire, 

veni,  ventum. 
command,  mandatum,  i,  n. 
commander,    dux,    ducis,    m.  ; 

imperator,  oris,  m. 
commander-in-chief,  impera- 
tor, oris,  m. 
commentary,  commentarius,  i, 

m. 
common,  commiinis,  e. 
complain,    queror,    i,    questus 

sum. 
complete,   perficio,    ere,    feci, 

fectus. 
complexion,  color,  5ris,  m. 
comrade,  commilito,  onis,  m. 
concern,  it  concerns,  interest, 

esse,  f uit ;  refert,  ferre,  re- 

tulit,  impersonal, 
concerning,     de,     prep,     with 

abl. 
condemn,  condemns,  1. 
conduct,    manage,    gero,    ere, 

gessi,  gestus. 
confer    (with),    coUoquor,    i, 

locutus. 
conference,  colloquium,  i,  n. 
confidence,       trustworthiness, 

fides,  ei,  f. 
confident,  confidens,  entis. 
confusi(m,  tumultus,  iis,  m. 
congratulate,     gratulor,     firi, 

atus  sum,  with  tho  dat. 
consecrate,  c5nsecr5,  1. 
consequence,    in    consequence 

of,  propter,  prep,  with  ace. 
consider,  regard,  puto,  1  ;  ex- 

istitnO,  1. 


conspiracy,  conjuratio,  onis,  f. 
conspirators,   conjiirati,  orum, 

m. 
conspire,  conjuro,  1. 
consternation,      perturbati5, 

onis,  f. 
consul,  consul,  is,  m. 
consulship,  consulatus,  iis,  m. 
consult,  consulo,  ere,  ui,  sultus, 

with  the  ace. 
consult  for,  consulo,  ere,  ui, 

sultus,  with  the  dat. 
contempt,  contemptio,  5nis,  f. 
contented,  contentus,  a,  um. 
contrary  to,  contra,  prep,  with 

ace. 
controversy,  controversia,  ae, 

f. 
convict,  condemns,  1. 
council,  concilium,  i,  n. 
country,  native  country,  patria, 

ae,  f. 
country  (as  opposed  to  the 

city),  rus,  ruris,  n. 
courage,  animus,  i,  m. 
courageously,  fortiter. 
cowardice,  ignavia,  ae,  f. 
Crassus,  Crassus,  i,  m. 
crime,  scelus,  eris,  n. 
cross,  transeo,  ire,  ii,  itiinis. 
cruel,  crudelis,  e. 
cruelty,  crudelitas,  atis,  f. 
crush,    opprim5,    ere,    pressi, 

pressus. 
cry  (of  distress),  pl5ratus,  us, 

m. 
cultivate,  col9,  ere,  colui,  cul- 

tus. 


General   Vocabulary. 


175 


custom,  mos,  moris,  m. 

cut  off,  intercludo,  ere,  clusi, 

clusus. 
cut  to  pieces,  occido,  ere,  cidi, 

cisus. 

D. 

danger,  periculum,  i,  n. 

dare,  audeo,  ere,  ausus. 

daughter,  filia,  ae,  f. 

day,  dies,  ei,  m. 

dead,  mortuus,  a,  um. 

deadly,  capitalis,  e. 

dear,  cams,  a,  um. 

death,  mors,  mortis,  f. 
to  death,  with  verbs  of  con- 
demning,   capite    (caput, 
ills,  n.)- 

decide,  constituo,  ere,  ui,  iitus. 

decision,  judicium,  i,  n. 

declare,  declaro,  1. 

decree,    decern5,     ere,    crevi, 
cretus. 

dedicate,  dedico,  1. 

deed,  factum,  i,  n. 

deep,  altus,  a,  um. 

defeat,  supero,  1. 

defence,  defensio,  onis,  f. 

defend,    defendo,    ere,    fendi, 
fensus. 

defender,  defensor,  5ris,  m. 

delay,  moror,  1. 

deliberate,  delibero,  1. 

deliver  (a  speech),  habeo,  ere, 
ui,  itus. 
deliver  from,  liber5,  1. 

Delos,  Delos,  i,  f. 

demand    (verb),    postulo,    1 ; 


flagito,  1  ;  posc5,  ere,  po- 

posci. 
demand    (noun),   postulatum, 

i,  n. 
depart,  deced5,  ere,  cessi,  ces- 

siirus. 
departure,  decessus,  us,  m. 
depend,  nitor,  i,  nisus  or  nixus 

sum. 
deprive,  privo,  1. 
desert,  desero,  ere,  serui,  ser- 

tus. 
deserter,  perfuga,  ae,  m. 
desire,  wish,  opt5,  1. 
desire,     eagerness,     cupiditas, 

atis,  f. ;  libido,  inis,  f. 
desirous,  cupidus,  a,  um ;  avi- 

dus,  a,  um. 
desist,  desisto,  ere,  destiti. 
despair  of,  despero,  1,  with  the 

ace. 
despise,  contemno,  ere,  tempsi, 

temptus. 
destroy,  wipe  out,  deleo,  ere, 

evi,  etus. 
destroy,    break    down,    re- 

scindo,  ere,  soldi,  scissus. 
detain,   retineo,    ere,   ui,   ten- 

tus. 
devote,    devote    one's    self   to 

something,  dedo,  ere,  de- 

didi,   deditus,  with  a  re- 
flexive pronoun. 
Diana,  Diana,  ae,  f. 
dictator,  dictator,  oris,  m. 
die,    morior,     mori,     mortuus 

sum. 
difficult,  dif&cilis,  e. 


176 


Latin  Composition, 


difficulty,  difficultas,  atis,  f. 
dig  (a  trench),  duco,  ere,  duxi, 

ductus,  lit.  lead,  run. 
disagree,  dissentio,  ire,  sensi. 
disaster,  clades,  is,  f. 
discipline,  disciplina,  ae,  f. 
discuss,  disputo,  1. 
disembark,  e  navi  or  navibus 

egredior,  i,  gressus. 
dissension,  dissensio,  onis,  f. 
distant,  be  distant,  absum,  esse, 

afui,  afuturus. 
distribute,   distribuo,   ere,   ui, 

iitus. 
district,  regio,  onis,  f. 
ditch,  fossa,  ae,  f. 
Divico,  Divico,  onis,  m. 
Divitiacus,  Divitiacus,  i,  m. 
do,  facio,  ere,  feci,  factus. 
doubt,  dubito,  1. 
draw    near,    appropinquo,    1, 

construed  with  dat. 
draw  on,  lure  on,  traho,  ere, 

traxi,  tractus. 
draw  up,  instruo,  ere,  struxi, 

striictus. 
drive,  drive  away,  drive  out, 

drive  from,   expello,   ere, 

puli,  pulsus, 
drive  back,   repello,  ere,  rep- 

puli,  repulsus. 
Druids,  Druides,  um,  m. 
Dumnorix,  Dumnorix,  igis,  m. 
duty,  of&cium,  i,  n. 
dwell,  incol5,  ere,  colui,  cultus  ; 

figuratively,  insum,  inesse, 

infui,   construed    with    in 

and  the  abl. 


E. 

each,  quisque,  quaeque,  quic- 

que. 
each  (of  two),  uterque,  utra- 

que,  utrumque.        ^ 
each  other,  for  the  first  and 

second    persons,    use    the 

plural  of  ego  and  tu ;  for 

the  third  person,  use  sui. 
eager,  eager  for,  cupidus,  a,  um, 

with  the  gen. 
eagerly,  acriter. 
eagerness,  zeal,  studium,  i,  n. ; 

cupiditas,  atis,  f. 
eagle,  aquila,  ae,  f. 
earnestly,  vehementer. 
easily,  facile, 
easy,  facilis,  e. 
efforts,  opera,  ae,  f. 
eight,  octo,  indecl. 
eighteen,  duodeviginti,  indecl. 
eighth,  octavus,  a,  um. 
eight  hundred,  octingenti,  ae,  a. 
eighty,  octoginta. 
either  ...  or,  aut .  .  .  aut,  if  the 

two    alternatives    exclude 

each  other ;  otherwise  vel 

.  .  .  vel. 
either,  either  one  (of  two), 

utervis,  utravis,  utrumvis. 
eldest,     maximus,     maximus 

natu. 
elect,  cre5, 1. 

election,  comitia,  5rum,  n. 
elevated,  excelsus,  a,  um. 
( Ise,  alius,  a,  ud. 
embankment,  agger,  eris,  m. 


General   Vocabulary. 


Ill 


erabezzlement,    peculatus,  us, 

m. 
emigrate,  emigro,  1. 
empty,  inanis,  e. 
(end),  at  the  end  of,  extremus, 

a,  um,  with  a  substantive, 
endure,    perfero,    ferre,    tuli, 

latus. 
enemy  (in  military  sense),  hos- 

tis,   is,  0.  ;    (collectively), 

hostes,  ium,  m. 
personal  enemy,  inimicus,  i, 

m. 
energy,  virtiis,  iitis,  f. 
enjoin,  enjoin  upon,  praecipio, 

ere,  cepi,  ceptus,  construed 

with  dat.  of  the  person, 
enjoy,  fruor,  i,  fruitiirus. 
enough,  satis, 
enroll,  c5nscrib6,   ere,  scrips!, 

scriptus. 
enter  into,  enter  upon,  ineo, 

ire,  ii,  itus. 
entire,  t5tus,  a,  um. 
entirely,  omnino. 
envoy,  legatus,  i,  m. 
envy,  invideo,  ere,  vidi,  visum, 

w^ith  dat. 
error,  error,  5ris,  m. 
escape,    get    away    (intrans.), 

evado,  ere,  vasi,  vasum. 
escape    something,     effugio, 

ere,  fiigi,  fugiturus. 
especially,  praecipue. 
even,  etiam. 
not  even,  ne  . . .  quidem,  with 

the     emphatic     word     or 

phrase  between. 


ever,  at  any  time,  unquam. 

ever,  always,  semper. 
every,  omnis,  e. 
evil  (noun),  malum,  i,  n. 
excellent,  egregius,  a,  um. 
except,  praeter,  prep,  with  ace. 
excuse,  exciisati5,  onis,  f. 
exempt,  liber,  a,  um. 
exercise,  iitor,  i,  usus. 
exhibit,     praest5,     are,     stiti, 

stilus. 
(expected,  supposed,  —  sooner, 

larger)    than   expected  or 

supposed,  opini5ne,  abl.  of 

opinio,  onis. 
experienced,  peritus,  a,  um. 
exploits,  res  gestae,  rerum  ges- 

tarum,  f. 
extend  (thanks),  ago,  ere,  egi, 

actus, 
eye,  oculus,  i,  m. 

F. 

faction,  f actio,  onis,  f. 

fair,  just,  aequus,  a,  um. 

fall  upon,  incido,  ere,  incidi, 

with  the  dat. 
family,  stock,  genus,  eris,  n. 
famous,  clams,  a,  um. 
far,  longe,  adv. 
farther,  ulterior,  us. 
fate,  fatum,  i,  n. 
father,  pater,  patris,  m. 
favor j  beneficium,  i,  n. 
fear  (noun),  metus,  us,  m. 
fear   (verb),    metuo,    ere,   ui ; 

vereor,  eri,  itus. 
fertile,  ferax,  acis. 


178 


Latin  Composition. 


few,  paucT,  ae,  a. 

very  few,  perpauci,  ae,  a. 
field,  agar,  agri,  m. 
fifteen,  quindecim. 
fifth,  quintus,  a,  um. 
figbt,  pugno,  1. 
fill,  compleo,  ere,  evi,  etus. 
filled,  completus,  a,  um. 
filled,  crowded  full  of,  refer- 

tus,  a,  um. 
finally,  postremo. 
find    (by   searching),   reperii, 

ire,  repperi,  repertus. 
find,  come  upon,  invenio,  ire, 

veni,  ventus. 
find  out  something  (by  inves- 
tigation),   comperio,    ire, 

peri,  pertus. 
find  (good,  bad,  etc.),  utor, 

i,  usus,  with  pred.  abl. 
find,   secure,   obtain,  pario, 

ere,  peperi,  partus;  nan- 

ciscor,  i,  nactus. 
finish,  perficio,  ere,  feci,  fectus ; 

conficio,  ere,  feci,  fectus. 
first,  primus,  a,  um. 
first  (adv.),  primum ;  at  first, 

primo. 
fit,  idoneus,  a,  um. 
five,  quinque. 
fixed,  certus,  a,  um. 
flee,  fugio,  ere,  fugi,  fugitiirus. 
fleet,  classis,  is,  f. 
flight,  fuga,  ae,  f. 
flourishing,  florens,  entis. 
follow,  sequor,  i,  secutus. 
follower,  comes,  itis,  c. 
folly,  stultitia,  ae,  f. 


food,  cibus,  i,  m. 

foot,  pes,  pedis,  m. 
foot  of,  base  of,  imus,  a,  um. 

foot-soldier,  pedes,  itis,  m. 

for,  denoting  purpose,  ad,  prep, 
with  ace. ;  denoting  motion, 
in,  with  ace. 

for  (conj.),  nam  ;  or  enim,  post- 
positive. 

forbid,  veto,  are,  ui,  itus. 

force,  compel,  cogo,  ere,  coegi, 
coactus. 

force,  vis,  vis,  f. 
forces,  c5piae,  arum,  f. 

foresight,  priidentia,  ae,  f. 

forest,  silva,  ae,  f. 

forget,  obliviscor,  i,  oblitus  sum. 

form,  make,  facio,  ere,  feci,  fac- 
tus. 

former .  .  .  (latter),  ille,  a,  ud. 

former,  with  reference  to  the 
present,  superior,  us. 

formerly,  olim. 

fortification,  munitio,  onis,  f. 

fortify,  muni5,  ire,  ivi,  itus. 

fortune,  fortiina,  ae,  f. 
fortune   (in  sense  of   prop- 
erty), fortiinae,  arum,  f. 

forty,  quadraginta. 

Forum,  Forum,  i,  n. 

found,  condd,  ere,  didi,  ditus. 

four,  quattuor. 

frame,  corpus,  oris,  n. 

free  (adj.),  liber,  a,  um. 

free  (verb),  libero,  1. 

freedom,  libertas,  atis,  f. 

friend,  amicus,  i,  m. ;  amica, 
ae,  f. 


General   Vocabulary. 


179 


friendly,  amicus,  a,  um. 

friendship,  amicitia,  ae,  f. 

from,  a,  ab  ;  from,  out  of,  e,  ex ; 
down   from,   de ;    preposi- 
tions with  abl. 
from  tlie  vicinity  of,  a,  ab, 

witli  abl, 
from  (after  verbs  of  hinder- 
ing,   etc.),     quo     minus, 
ne,  quin. 

fruit,  fructus,  iis,  m. 

full,  plenus,  a,  um. 

furnish,  praebeo,  ere,  ui,  itus. 

furthest,  superl.  of  longe. 

G. 

gain  possession  of,  potior,  iri, 

itus. 
Gains,  Gaius,  i,  m. ;  abbreviated 

C. 
Galba,  Galba,  ae,  m. 
Gallic,  Gallicus,  a,  um. 
garrison,  praesidium,  i,  n. 
gate,  porta,  ae,  f. 
gather  (intrans.),  convenio,  ire, 

veni,  ventum. 
gather  (trans.),  cogo,  ere,  coegi, 

coactus. 
Gaul,  a  Gaul,  Gallus,  i,  m. 
Gaul,    the    country,    Gallia, 
ae,  f. 
general,  dux,  ducis,  m. 
Geneva,  Genava,  ae,  f. 
Gergovia,  Gergovia,  ae,  f. 
German,  Germanus,  a,  um ;  as 

noun,  Germani,  orum,  m. 
Germany,  Germania,  ae,  f. 
get  possession,  potior,  iri,  itus. 


get  ready  (trans.),  comparo,  1. 
gift,  d5num,  i,  n. 
give,  d5,  dare,  dedi,  datus. 
glory,  gloria,  ae,  f. 
Gnaeus,  Gnaeus,  i,  m. ;  abbre- 
viated Cn. 
go,  e5,  ire,  ivi,  itum. 
go  around,  circumeo,  ire,  ii, 

itus. 
go  away,  abeo,  ire,  ii,  iturus. 
go  forth,  exeo,  ire,  ii,  itum. 
good,  bonus,  a,  um. 
gradually,  paulatim. 
grain,  friimentum,  i,  n. 
grant,  do,  dare,   dedi,   datus ; 

concedd,    ere,    cessi,    ces- 

surus. 
great,  magnus,  a,  um. 
greatest  (of  qualities),  sum- 

mus,  a,  um. 
greatly,  magnopere. 
grieve,  grieve  over,  doled,  ere, 

ui,  itiirus. 
guard,  protection,  praesidium, 

i,  n. 
guard,     a     guard,      ciistos, 

odis,  c. 
guardian,  ciistos,  odis,  c. 

H- 

habit,  mos,  moris,  m. 

Haeduan  (adj.),  Haeduus,  a, 
um ;  as  noun,  Haeduus,  i, 
m. ;  Haedui,  Haedui,  orum. 

hand,  manus,  iis,  f. 

(hand),  on  (left)  hand, 
(right)  hand,  etc.,  parte 
(abl.  of  pars,  partis,  f.). 


180 


Latin  Composition. 


liand,  be  at  hand,  adsum,  esse, 
adfui,  adfuturus. 

hand,  be  on  hand,  suppeto, 
ere,  ivi  or  ii,  itum. 

hand  over,  trad5,  ere,  didi,  ditus. 

happen,  be  done,  fio,  fieri,  fac- 
tus. 
happen,  accido,  ere,  i ;  acci- 
dit,    ere,    accidit,    imper- 
sonal. 

harbor,  portus,  us,  m. 

hardship,  labor,  5ris,  m. 

harm,  do  harm,  noceo,  ere,  ui, 
itiirus,  with  dat.  of  indi- 
rect obj. 

hasten  (to  do  something),  ma- 
tiiro,  1  ;  hasten,  press  on, 
contendo,  ere,  endi,  entum. 

hate,  odi,  odisse. 

hateful,  odiosus,  a,  um. 

hatred,  odium,  i,  n. 

haughty,  superbus,  a,  um. 

have,  habeo,  ere,  ui,  itus. 

he  who,  is  qui. 

hear,  audio,  ire,  ivi,  itus. 
hear    clearly,    exaudi5,    ire, 
ivi,  itus. 

heavy,  gravis,  e. 

height,  altitud5,  inis,  f. 

help  (noun),  auxilium,  i,  n. 

help  (verb),  juvo,  are,  jiivi, 
jutus. 

Helvetii,  Helvetians,  Helvetii, 
5rum,  m. 

her,  suus,  a,  um,  reflexive. 

here,  hie. 
here,  be  here,  adsum,  esse, 
f ui,  futiirus. 


hide,  cel5,  1. 
high,  altus,  a,  um. 
high  (of  price),  magnus,  a, 

um. 
higher,    at    a    higher    price 

(with    verbs    of    vahdng^ 

buying^  and  selling)  ^  plu- 

ris. 
highest  (of  qualities),  sum- 

mus,  a,  um. 
hill,  collis,  is,  m. 
hillock,  tumulus,  i,  m. 
himself,  herself,  etc.,  reflexive, 

sui,  sibi,  se. 
hinder,  impede,  impedid,  ire, 

ivi,  itus. 
hindrance,  impedimentum,  i,  n. 
his,  suus,  a,  um,  reflexive, 
hither,  citerior,  us. 
hitherto,  antea. 
hold,  teneo,  ere,  ui. 
hold,  regard,  habeo,  ere,  ui, 

itus. 
(home),  at  home,  domi. 
from  home,  domo. 
to  one's  home,  domum. 
honest,  upright,  probus,  a,  um. 
honor  (noun),  honor,  oris,  m. 
honor  (verb),  honord,  1. 
honorable,  honestus,  a,  um. 
hope,  spes,  ei,  f. 
hope,  hope  for,  sperO,  1,  with 

the  ace. 
horse,  equus,  i,  m. 
horseman,  eques,  itis,  m. 
hostage,  obses,  idis,  c. 
liostile,  inimicus,  a,  um. 
hour,  bora,  ae,  f. 


General   Vocabulary. 


181 


how,  if  used  to  introduce  the 
sentence  as  a  whole,  qui 
or  qu5  modo  in  direct  ques- 
tions, qu5  modo  or  ut  in 
indirect ;  quam,  if  used  to 
modify  an  adjective  or  ad- 
verb in  the  sentence. 
how  great,  quantus,  a,  um. 
how  many,  quot,  indecl. 
how    much,    quantum,    fol- 
lowed   by    gen.     of     the 
whole. 

however  (much),  quamvis. 

huge,  ingens,  entis. 

humanity,  hiimanitas,  atis,  f. 

hundred,  centum. 

hunger,  fames,  is,  f. ;  abl.  sing. 
fame. 

hurl,  conicio,  ere,  conjeci,  con- 
jectus. 

hurry,    contendo,    ere,    tendi, 
tentus. 


I,  ego,  mei. 

Ides,  Idiis,  uum,  f. 

if,  si,  conj. 

if  not,  si  minus,  when  the  verb 

is  omitted, 
ignorant,  ignarus,  a,  um. 
illustrious,  illustris,  e. 
imbue,  imbuo,  ere,  ui,  utus. 
imitate,  imitor,  1. 
immediately,  statim. 
immortality,  immortalitas,  atis, 
.       f. 
impel,  impelld,  ere,  impuli,  im- 

pulsus. 


imperator,  imperator,  oris,  m. 

in,  in,  prep,  with  abl. 

inch,  digitus,  i,  ra. 

inclined  to  think,    baud    scio 

an. 
indulge,   indulged,    ere,   dulsi, 

dultiirus. 
infantry,  pedites,  um,  m. 
inflame,    incendo,    ere,    cendi. 

census. 
inflict  on,  infero,  ferre,  intuli, 

illatus ;  with  dat. 
influence,  auctoritas,  atis,  f. 
inform,    certi5rem    facio,    ere, 

feci,  factus. 
be  informed,  certior  fio,  fieri, 

factus. 
inhabit,    incolo,    ere,    ui,    cul- 

tus. 
inhabitant,  incola,  ae,  m. 
inherit,   receive,    accipio,    ere, 

cepi,  ceptus. 
injure,   noceo,   ere,  ui,   iturus, 

with  the  dat.,  used  of  per- 
sons ;  laedo,  ere,  laesi,  lae- 

sus,  used  of  both  persons 

and  things, 
injurious,  be  injurious,   noceo, 

ere,  ui,  iturus. 
injury,  injuria,  ae,  f. 
inquire,  quaero,  ere,  quaesivi, 

itus. 
mstitution,  institiitum,  i,  n. 
interval,  intervallum,  i,  n. 
into,  in,  prep,  with  ace. 
island,  insula,  ae,  f. 
Italy,  Italia,  ae,  f. 
its,  ejus  ;  suus,  a,  um. 


182 


Latin  Composition. 


javelin,  jaculum,  i,  n. 
journey,  iter,  itineris,  n. 
judge,  judico,  1. 
judgment,   opinion,   sententia, 

ae,  f. 
Julius  Caesar,   Julius   Caesar, 

Juli  Caesaris,  m. 
jump  down,  desilio,  ire,  ui. 
just,  jiistus,  a,  um. 
justice,  justitia,  ae,  f. 
justly,  jure. 

K. 

Kalends,  Kalendae,  arum,  f. 
keep,  keep  in,  confine,  teneo, 
ere,  ui. 
keep  apart,  distineo,  ere,  ui, 

tentus. 
keep  away,  ward  off,  arceo, 

ere,  ui. 
keep  from,  keep  away  from 
(tr.),    prohibeo,    ere,    ui, 
itus. 
kill,  occido,  ere,  cidi,  cisus. 
kind,  genus,  eris,  n. ;  modus, 

i,  m. 
kindness,  beneficium,  i,  n. 
king,  rex,  regis,  m. 
knight,  eques,  itis,  m. 
know,  understand,  sci6,  ire,  ivi, 
itus. 
know,  be  familiar  with,  per- 
fect tenses  of  nosc5,  ere, 
n5vi,  notus. 
not  know,  nescid,  ire,  ii. 
knowledge,  scientia,  ae,  f. 


L. 

Labienus,  Labienus,  i,  m. 
labor,  labor,  oris,  m. 
lack  (noun),  inopia,  ae,  f. 
lack  (verb),  careo,  ere,  ui,  itii- 

rus. 
land,  ager,  agri,  m. 
land,  as  opposed  to  the  water, 
terra,  ae,  f. 
language,  lingua,  ae,  f. 
large,  magnus,  a,  um. 
in  large  part,  magnam  par- 
tem ;  bonam  partem, 
so  large,  tantus,  a,  um. 
last,  final,  ultimus,  a,  um. 
last,  previous,  proximus,  a, 
um. 
last,  continue,  diird,  1. 
later,  post,  postea. 
latter,  the  latter  of  two  already 
mentioned,  hie,  haec,  h6c. 
law,  the  law,  jiis,  juris,  n. 

law,  statute,  lex,  legis,  f. 
law-court,  basilica,  ae,  f. 
lay  aside,  depond,  ere,  posui, 

itus. 
lay  waste,  vastd,  1. 
lead,  duc5,  ere,  diixi,  ductus. 
lead    across,    traduco,    ere, 

diixi,  ductus, 
lead  back,  rediic5,  ere,  diixi, 

ductus, 
lead,   lead  out,   lead  away, 
deduc5,  ere,  diixi,  ductus. 
leader,  dux,  ducis,  c. 
learn   (by  study),  discS,  ere, 
didici. 


General   Voeahutary. 


183 


learn,    find    out,    comperio, 

ire,  peri,  pertus. 
leave,  relinquo,  ere,  liqui,  lic- 

tus. 
left,  sinister,  tra,  trum. 
legion,  legio,  onis,  f. 
legionary,  legi5narius,  a,  um. 
lend  (help),  fero,   ferre,  tuli, 

latus. 
less,  minus. 

lessen,  minuo,  ere,  ui,  utus. 
lest,  ne. 
letter,   litterae,   arum,   f.  ;   or 

epistuhi,  ae,  f. 
liberal,  generous,  largus,  a,  um. 
liberty,  libertas,  atis,  f. 
lieutenant,  legatus,  i,  m. 
life,  vita,  ae,  f. 
light,  levis,  e. 

light,  fair,  albus,  a,  um. 
light-armed,  expeditus,  a,  um. 
like,  similis,  e. 
likewise,  expressed  by  idem,  in 

agi-eement  with  subject. 
line  of  battle,  acies,  ei,  f . 
linger,  moror,  1. 
Liscus,  Liscus,  i,  m. 
list,  tabula,  ae,  f. 
listen,  listen  to,  audio,  ire,  ivi, 

itus,  with  ace. 
little,  a  little,  paulum. 
very  little,  paullulum,  with 

gen. 
little   while   before   or  ago, 

paulo  ante, 
live,  vivo,  ere,  vixi,  victum. 

live,  dwell,  habito,  1. 
lofty,  altus,  a,  um  ;  sublimis,  e. 


long,  longus,  a,  um. 

long,    long    time,    diii,    adv.  ; 

already  for  a  long  time, 

jam  diii. 
longing,  desiderium,  i,  n. 
look  down,  despicio,  ere,  spexi, 

spectus. 
looks,  vultiis,  uum,  m.  pi. 
lose,  amitto,  ere,  misi,  missus, 

the  general  word  ;  perdo, 

ere,  perdidi,  itus,  where  the 

responsibility  of  the  subj. 

is  implied, 
loss,  damnum,  i,  n. 
lot,  sors,  sortis,  f. 
love,  amor,  oris,  m. 
love,  amo,  1. 

low  (of  position),  humilis,  e. 
loyal,  fidelis,  e. 
luckless,  infelix,  icis. 

M. 

magistrate,  magistratus,  iis,  m. 

mainland,  continens,  entis,  f. 

make,  faci5,  ere,  feci,  factus. 
make  answer,  responded,  ere, 

spondi,  sponsus. 
make  ready,  par5,  1. 
make   (somebody  or   some- 
thing   safe,    bold,    clear, 
e^c),  reddo,   ere,  reddidi, 
redditus. 

man,  hom5,  inis,  m.,  the  gen- 
eral term  ;  man  as  opposed 
to  woman,  or  as  a  compli- 
mentary designation,  vir, 
viri,  m. 

maniple,  manipulus,  i,  m. 


184 


Latin  Composition. 


many,  multi,  ae,  a. 

march  (noun),  iter,  itineris,  n. 

march  (verb),  iter  facio,  ere, 
feci,  factus. 

(March),  of  March,  Martius,  a, 
um. 

march  out,  egredior,  i,  gressus 
sum. 

Marcus,  Marcus,  i,  m.  ;  abbre- 
viated M. 

maritime,  maritimus,  a,  um. 

Mars,  Mars,  tis,  m. 

matter,  thing,  res,  rei,  1 

(May),  of  May,  Majus,  a,  um. 

may,  licet,  ere,  licuit,  with  the 
subjunctive. 

mean,  volo,  velle,  volui,  with 
dat.  of  the  reflexive. 

means,  resources,  facultates, 
um,  f. 

meanwhile,  interea. 

measure  out,  metior,  iri,  men- 
sus. 

meet  (trans,  or  intrans.),  con- 
veni5,  ire,  veni,  ventus. 

memory,  memoria,  ae,  f. 

mention,  commemoro,  1. 

merchant,  mercator,  oris,  m. 

mercy,  dementia,  ae,  f. 

merit,  virtiis,  utis,  f. 

messenger,  niintius,  i,  m. 

middle,  middle  of,  medius,  a, 
um. 

midst,  midst  of,  medius,  a,  um. 

mild,  lenis,  e. 

mile,  mille  passus,  lit.  thou- 
sand paces ;  pi.  milia  pas- 
suum. 


military  matters,  res  militaris, 
rei  militaris,  f. 

mindful,  memor,  oris. 

misfortune,  calamitas,  atis,  f. 

mistake,     make     a     mistake, 
pecco,  1. 

mode,  modus,  i,  m. 

money,  peciinia,  ae,  f. 

month,  mensis,  is,  m. 

more,  amplius,  magis,  adv. 
more,  plus,  pluris,  n.,  sub- 
stantive. 

most,  plerique,  aeque,  aque. 
for  the  most  part,  maximam 
partem. 

mother,  mater,  matris,  f. 

mountain,  m5ns,  mentis,  m. 

move,  moved,  ere,  movi,  motus. 

much,  multus,  a,  um;  adverbi- 
ally, multum. 

multitude,  multitiido,  inis,  f. 

my,  meus,  a,  um. 

N. 

name,  nSmen,  inis,  n. 
Narbo,  Narbo,  onis,  m. 
narrow,  angustus,  a,  um. 
nation,  gens,  gentis,  f. ;  nati5, 

6nis,  f. 
naval,  navalis,  e. 
near,   neighboring,    finitimus, 

a,  um. 
near,  with  town  names,  ad, 

prep,  with  ace. ;  with  other 

words,  prope,   prep,  with 

ace. 
nearer,  propius,  adv.  and  prep. 

with  ace. 


General   Vocabulary. 


185 


nearest,  proximus,  a,  um. 

nearly,  prope. 

necessary,  necessarius,  a,  um. 
it  is  necessary,  necesse  est. 

need,  there  is  need,  opus  est. 
need,  feel  need,  be  in  need, 
egeo,  ere,  ui ;  indigeo,  ere, 
ui. 

neglect,  neglego,  ere,  lexi,  lec- 
tus. 

neighborhood,  in,  or  to  the 
neighborhood  of,  ad,  prep. 
with  ace. 

neighboring,  finitimus,  a,  um. 

neither  .  .  .  nor,  neque  .  .  . 
neque ;  nee  .  .  .  nee. 

Nervii,  Nervii,  orum,  m. 

never,  numquam. 

nevertheless,  tamen. 

new,  novus,  a,  um. 

news,  as  gen.  of  the  whole, 
novi. 

next,  proximus,  a,  um. 

night,  nox,  noctis,  f. 

no,  nuUus,  a,  um. 

no,  with  adjectives  used  sub- 
stantively,   nemo    (defec- 
tive), 
no  one,  nemo  (defective). 

noble,  nobilis,  e. 

noise,  strepitus,  iis,  m. 

Nones,  Nonae,  arum,  f. 

nor,  neque  or  nee. 

not,  non,  ne. 
if  .  .  .  not,  nisi, 
(not),  is  not?  does  not  ?  etc., 

nonne. 
not   even,    ne  .  .  .  quidem, 


with    the    emphatic  word 
between, 
not  know,  nescio,  ire,  ivi,  or 

ii. 
not   only  .  .  .  but  also,   non 

solum  .  .  .  sed  etiam. 
not  that,  non  qu5. 
not  yet,  nondum. 
nothing,  nihil. 
now,  already,  jam. 
now,  at  the  present  time,  nunc, 
number,  numerus,  i,  m. 
numbers,  multitiido,  inis,  f. 
(numbers),  in  great  numbers, 
frequens,  entis. 

O. 

0,  0,  interjection. 

oath,  jiis  jiirandum,  juris  jii- 

randi,  n. 
obey,  pared,  ere,  ui,  itiirus. 
obstinacy,  pertinaeia,  ae,  f. 
occupy,  occup5,  1. 
Octodurus,  Octodurus,  i,  m. 
of,  from,  a,  ab,  prep,  with  abl. 
of,  concerning,  de,  prep,  with 

abl. 
of  (partitive),  e,  ex. 
offer,  do,  dare,  dedi,  datus. 
offer  battle,  proelid  lacessS, 
ere,   laeessivi,  lacessitus  ; 
lit.  worry  by  battle. 
often,  saepe. 
old,  vetus,  eris. 

old  man,  senex,  senis,  m. 
on,  in,  prep,  with  abl. 

on,  concerning,  de,  prep,  with 
abl. 


186 


Latin  Composition, 


on  all  sides,  from  all  sides, 
undique. 
once,  once  upon  a  time,  quon- 
dam ;  51im. 
once,  one  time,  semel. 
at  once,  statim. 
one,  unus,  a,  um. 
one  .  .  .  another,  alius  .  .  . 

alius, 
the  one  .  .  .  the  other,  alter 
.  .  .  alter, 
only,  tantum. 

only  one,  iinus,  a,  um. 
onset,  impetus,  us,  m. 
opinion,   deliberate  judgment, 

sententia,  ae,  f. 
opportunity,  facultas,  atis,  f. ; 

occasio,  onis,  f. 
oppression,  obsidi5,  onis,  f. 
or,  aut ;  vel. 
or,  in  second  member  of  a 
double  question,  an  or  -ne. 
or  not,  in  questions,  annon, 
necne. 
ordain,    decerno,    ere,     crevi, 

cretus. 
order  (verb),  jube5,  ere,  jussi, 

jussus. 
order  (noun),  mandatum,  i,  n. 

order,  at  the  order,  jussii. 
Orgetorix,  Orgetorix,  rigis,  in. 
other,  another, -alius,  a,  ud. 
other,  the  other,  alter,  a,  um. 
others,  all  the  others,  ceteri, 

ae,  a. 
other  side    of,   ultra,   prep, 
with  ace. 
our,  our  own,  noster,  tra,  trum. 


outside,  extra,  prep,  with  ace. 
overthrow,   everto,   ere,  verti, 

versus, 
owe,  debeo,  ere,  ui,  itus. 

P. 

pain,  dolor,  5ris,  m. 

panic,  paver,  oris,  m. 

part,  pars,  partis,  f. 

party,  partes,  ium,  f. 

pass,  passes,  angustiae,  arum,  f. 

pass,  spend,  dego,  ere,  degi. 
pass  over,  omitto,  ere,  misi, 

missus, 
pass  the  winter,  hiemo,  1. 
pass  through,  transeo,  ire,  ii, 
itiirus. 

passage,  iter,  itineris,  n. 

past,  by,  praeter,  prep,  with 
ace. 

pay  (noun),  stipendium,  i,  n. 

pay  (verb),  pendo,  ere,  pependi, 
pensus ;  solvo,  ere,  solvi, 
solutus. 

peace,  pax,  pacis,  f. 

people,  populus,  i,  m. 

perceive,  sentio,  ire,  sensi,  sen- 
sus. 

perform,  fungor,  i,  fiinctus  sum. 

period  of  life,  aetas,  atis,  f. 

permission,  sanction,  voluntas, 
atis,  f. 

permit,  permittS,  ere,  misi, mis- 
sus ;  sin5,  ere,  sivi,  situs  ; 
be  pernntted,  it  is  per- 
mitted, licet,  ere,  uit. 

persuiule,  persuaded,  ere,  suasi, 
suasum. 


Creneral   Vocabulary. 


187 


Piso,  Pis5,  onis,  ra. 

pitch,  pono,  ere,  posui,  itus. 

pity,  it  excites  pity,  miseret, 
miserere,  miseruit,  imper- 
sonal ;  also  misereor,  eri, 
itus. 

place,  locus,  i,  m. 

place,  colloco,  1. 

place  in  charge,  place  in  com- 
mand over,  place  over, 
praeficio,  ere,  feci,  fectus, 
with  the  dat.  of  indirect 
obj. 

plain,  planities,  ei,  f. 

plan,  consilium,  i,  n. 

pleasure,  voluptas,  atis,  f. 

plough,  aro,  1. 

Pompey,  Pompejus,  i,  m. 

poor,  pauper,  eris. 

possess,  possideo,  ere,  sedi,  ses- 
sus. 

post,  place,  locus,  i,  m. 

power,  potestas,  atis,  f . ;  poten- 
tia,  ae,  f. 

powerful,  potens,  entis,  m. 

praise  (noun),  laus,  laudis,  f. 

praise  (verb),  laudo,  1. 

praiseworthy,  laudabilis,  e. 

prepare,  prepare  for,  paro,  1, 
with  ace. 

present,  praesens,  entis. 

present,  be  present,  adsum, 
esse,  fui,  futiirus. 

present,  d5n5,  1. 

prevent,  prohibeo,  ere,  ui,  itus. 

previously,  before,  ante,  adv. 

prisoner,  captive,  captivus,  i, 
m. 


privilege,  commodum,  i,  n. 
prize  (verb),  magni  aestimo,  1. 
prize  (noun),  praemium,  i,  n. 
proceed,    pergo,    ere,    perrexi, 

rectum. 
Procillus,  Procillus,  i,  m. 
production,  opus,  eris,  n. 
project,  consilium,  i,  n. 
promise  (verb),  promitto,  ere, 

misi,    missus ;     polliceor, 

eri,  itus. 
promise    (noun),    pollicitati5, 

onis,  f. 
protect,  tueor,  eri. 
provide,  provide  for,  cur5,  1. 
provided,  provided  that,  dum  ; 

provided  only,  dum  modo. 
province,  provincia,  ae,  f. 
provincials,  socii,  orum,  m. 
punishment,  supplicium,  i,  n. 
pupil,  discipulus,  i,  m. 
pursue,  sequor,  i,  seciitus. 
pursuit,  studium,  i,  n. 
put,  place,   p5n5,   ere,    posui, 

positus. 
put  in  charge,  praeficio,  ere, 

feci,  fectus;  governs  ace. 

and  dat. 
put  to  confusion,  perturbo,  1. 
put  to  flight,  fugo,  1. 

Q- 

quaestor,  quaestor,  oris,  m. 
quickly,  celeriter. 

K. 

raise  (a  mound,  eic),  exstruo, 
ere,  struxi,  striictus. 


188 


Latin  Composition. 


rashness,  temeritas,  atis,  f. 

ravage,  populor,  1. 

read,  leg5,  ere,  legi,  lectus. 

read  (aloud),  recito,  1. 
ready,  promptus,  a,  um. 
rear,  novissimum  agmen  (ag- 

minis),  n. 
reason,  causa,  ae,  f. 
receive,  accipio,  ere,  cepi,  cep- 

tus. 
recent,  recens,  entis. 
recollection,  memoria,  ae,  f. 
recount,  enumero,  1. 
redoubt,  castellum,  i,  n. 
reduce,  redigo,  ere,  egi,  actus, 
refrain,  abstineo,  ere,  ui,  ten- 
turn, 
refuse,  denego,  1. 
regal  power,  regnum,  i,  n. 
regard,    habe5,    ere,   ui,   itus ; 

existimo,  1. 
regret,  it  causes  regret,  paeni- 

tet,  ere,  uit,  iuipei-sonal. 
reject,  respu5,  ere,  ui. 
rejoice,  gaudeo,  ere,  gavisus. 
relieve,  free  from,  libero,  1. 
relinquish,  relinqu5,  ere,  liqui, 

lictus. 
relying,  fretus,  a,  um. 
remain,    mane5,    ere,    mansi, 

mansurus. 
remain  in  charge,  praesum, 

esse,  fui. 
remain  vacant,  vacS,  1. 
remaining,  remainder  of,  reli- 

quus,  a,  um. 
remember,  bear  in  mind,  me- 

mini,  isse ;  reminiscor,  i, 


supplies  the  present  parti- 
ciple of  memini. 
remind,  admoneo,  ere,  ui,  itus. 
renew,  renovo,  1. 
repent,    it    repents,    paenitet, 

ere,  uit,  impersonal, 
reply,  respondeo,  ere,  respond!, 

responsus. 
report,  announce,  niintid,  1. 
report,  nuntius,  i,  m. 
republic,  res  piiblica,  rei  publi- 

cae,  f. 
reputation,  fama,  ae,  f. 
resist,  resists,  ere,  restiti,  with 

dat. 
resources,  opes,  um,  f. 
rest,  the  rest,  ceteri,  ae,  a. 
rest  on,  positus  est  in,  with 

abl. 
restore,  replace,  restituo,  ere, 

ui,  utus  ;   restore,  return, 

reddo,   ere,    reddidi,    red- 

ditus. 
retain,  retine5,  ere,  ui,  tentus. 
retreat,  recipio,  ere,  cepi,  cep- 

tus,  with  the  reflexive, 
return,  reditus,  iis,  m. 
return,  go  biick,  reded,  ire,  ii, 

itum  ;  reverter,  i. 
reward  (noun),  munus,  eris,  n. 
reward  (verb),  remiineror,  1. 
Rhea  Silvia,  Rhea  Silvia,  ae,  f. 
Rhine,  RhSnus,  i,  m. 
rich,  dives,  itis. 
right,  jiis,  jiiris,  n. 
right,  rectus,  a,  um. 
river,  flumen,  inis,  a. 
road,  via,  ae,  f. 


General   Vocabulary, 


189 


Roman,  R5manus,  a,  um ;   as 

noun,  Ronianus,  i,  ra. 
Rome,  Roma,  ae,  f. 
Romulus,  Romulus,  i,  m. 
rout,  fugo,  1. 
route,  iter,  itineris,  u. 
rower,  remex,  igis,  m. 
rule,  imperium,  i,  n. 

S. 

Sabinus,  Sabinus,  i,  m. 

sacred,  sacer,  era,  cnim. 

safe,  tutus,  a,  um;  salvus,  a, 
um. 
safe  and  sound,  s5spes,  itis. 

safety,  salus,  utis,  f. 

sake,  for  the  sake,  causa  (abl.) 
with  gen. ;  the  gen.  always 
precedes. 

sally,  make  a  sally,  erumpd, 
ere,  riipi,  niptus. 

salute,  saliitd,  1. 

same,  idem,  eadem,  idem. 

save,  servo,  1. 

say,  dico,  ere,  dixi,  dictus. 

Scipio,  Scipi5,  onis,  m. 

scout,  explorator,  5ris,  m, 

sea,  mare,  is,  n. 

seamanship,  res  nauticae,  re- 
rum  nauticarum,  f. 

second,  secundus,  a,  um. 

secure,  procure,  paro,  1. 

see,  video,  ere,  vidi,  visus. 

seek,  peto,  ere,  ivi  (ii),  itus. 

seem,  videor,  eri,  visus. 

seize,  occupo,  1. 

seldom,  raro. 

select,  deligo,  ere,  legi,  lectus. 


self,  oneself,  sui,  sibi,  se. 
self,  i.e.  I  myself,  you  your- 
self, etc.,  ipse  in  apposition 
with  a  noun  or  pronoun. 

sell^  vendo,  ere,  vendidi,  vendi- 
tus. 

Senate,  senatus,  iis,  ra. 

send,  mitto,  ere,  misi,  missus, 
send  back,  remitto,  ere,  misi, 
missus. 

Senones,  Senones,  um,  ra. 

Sequani,  Sequani,  orum,  ni. 

Sequanian,  Sequanus,  a,  um. 

sesterce,  sestertius,  i,  ni.,  Ro- 
man coin  worth  about  five 
cents  ;  gen.  plur.  sesterti- 
um. 

set  on  fire,  incendo,  ere,  cendi, 
census. 

set  out,  proficiscor,  i,  fectus  sum. 

settle,  place,  colloco,  1. 

settler,  colonus,  i,  ra. 

seven,  septem. 

seven  hundredth,  septingen- 
tesimus,  a,  um. 

share,  pars,  partis,  f. 

shelter,  tectum,  i,  n. 

shield,  sciitum,  i,  n. 

ship,  navis,  is,  f . 

shore,  litus,  oris,  n. 

short,  brevis,  e. 

show  (oneself),  praesto,  are, 
praestiti,  praestitus. 

shower,  imber,  imbris,  ra. 

shudder,  shudder  at,  horred, 
ere,  ui. 

siege,  obsidio,  onis,  f. 

sight,  conspectus,  iis,  ra. 


190 


Latin  Composition, 


silent,  be  silent,  become  silent, 

taceo,  ere,  ui,  itus. 
similar,  similis,  e. 
since  (causal),  cum. 
situated,  is  situated,  situs  est 

(sino,  ere,  sivi,  situs), 
six,  sex. 

six  hundred,  sexcenti,  ae,  a. 
sixteen,  sedecim. 
sixty,  sexaginta. 
size,  magnitiido,  inis,  f. 
slay,  occido,  ere,  cidi,  cisus. 
siinger,  funditor,  oris,  m. 
small,  parvus,  a,  um. 

of  small  account,  parvi. 
snatch,  snatch  away,  eripio,  ere, 

ripui,  reptus. 
so  (of  degree),  tam,  adeo. 

so,   thus   (of   manner),   sic, 
ita. 

80  great,  tantus,  a,  um. 

so  many,  tot,  indeclinable. 

so  much,  so  greatly,  tanto- 
pere. 
soldier,  miles,  itis,  m. 
soldurii,  soldurii,  orum,  m. 
some,  sonu'thing,  aliquis,  ali- 
qua,  aliquid  or  aliquod. 

some  one,  aliquis. 
some  .  .  .  others,  alii .  .  .  alii, 
some  (persons),  nonnuUi,  5rum. 
somehow  or  other,  nescio  qu5 

pacto. 
son,  filius,  i,  m. 
soon,  quickly,  mox  ;  cito. 

sooner,  citius. 
sorrow,  maeror,  5ris,  m. 
space,  spatium,  i,  n. 


spare,  parco,  ere,  peperci,  par- 

surus. 
speak,  loquor,  i,  locutus. 
speech,  oratio,  onis,  f . 
speed,  celeritas,  atis,  f. 
spend,  dego,  ere,  degi. 
spot,  place,  locus,  i,  m. 
spring,  ver,  veris,  n. 
state,  civitas,  atis,  f. 
station,  coUoco,  1. 
statue,  statua,  ae,  f. 
steadfastness,  constantia,  ae,  f. 
steep,  arduus,  a,  um. 
still  (temporal),  adhiic. 
stone,  lapis,  idis,  m. 
storm,  tempestas,  atis,  f. 
(story),  the  story  goes,  tradi- 

tur,  ttadi,  traditum  est,  lit. 

it  is  handed  down. 
stream,  flumen,  inis,  n. 
strength,  vires,  ium,  f.;  pi.  of 

vis. 
strict,  severus,  a,  um. 
strip,  niidd,  1 ;  exuo,  ere,  ui, 

iitus. 
strong,  validus,  a,  um. 
such,  talis,  e. 
sudden,  subitus,  a,  um. 
suddenly,  subito. 
sue  for,  peto,  ere,  ivi  or  ii,  itus. 
Suebi,  Suebi,  orum,  m. 
suffer,  patior,  i,  passus  sum. 

suffer  from,  laborS,  1. 
sufficient,  satis, 
suitable,  idoneus,  a,  um. 
summer,  aestas,  atis,  f. 
summit    of,    summus,  a,  um, 

limiting  a  subsUntive. 


Greneral   Vocabulary, 


191 


summon,  voco,  1 ;  arcesso,  ere, 

ivi,  itus. 
supplies,  commeatus,  us,  m. 
surpass,  supero,  1. 
surrender,   trado,  ere,  tradidi, 

traditus. 
surround,      circumveni5,     ire, 

veni,    ventus ;    circumd5, 

dare,  dedi,  datus. 
suspicion,  suspicio,  onis,  f. 
sword,  gladius,  i,  m. 

T. 
take,  capio,  ere,  cepi,  captus. 

take  away,  take  from,  adimo, 

ere,  emi,  emptus. 
take  possession,  possid5,  ere, 
sedi,  sessus. 

talent,  talentum,  i,  n. 

teach,  doce5,  ere,  ui,  doctus. 
taught,  edoctus. 

teacher'  praeceptor,  oris,  m. ; 
praeceptrix,  icis,  f. 

tear  down,  rescindo,  ere,  scidi, 
scissus ;  diru5,  ere,  rui, 
rutus. 

tell,  say,  dico,  ere,  dixi,  dictus. 

temper,  animus,  i,  m. 

temple,  aedes,  is,  f. ;  templum, 
i,  n.  AVhen  used  with  pre- 
cision aedes  refers  to  the 
building  only,  while  tem- 
plum includes  the  conse- 
crated area  as  well. 

ten,  decern. 

tenth,  decimus,  a,  um. 

terms,  conditions,  condiciones, 
um,  f. 


terrify,  terreo,  ere,  ui,  territus. 
territory,  fines,  ium,  m. 
than,  quam,  conj. 
thanks,  gratiae,  arum,  f. 
that,  ille,  ilia,  illud  ;  is,  ea,  id  ; 
that  of  yours,   iste,    ista, 
istud. 
that  (rel.  pron.),  qui,  quae, 

quod. 
that,  in  order  that,  ut ;  qui, 
quae,  quod  with  the  sub- 
junctive ;    with    compara- 
tives, qu5. 
that,  lest,  with  verbs  of  fear- 
ing^ ne. 
that  not,  in  order  that  not, 

ne. 
that  not,  with  verbs  of  fear- 
ing^ ut. 
that  (of  result),  ut ;  that  not, 

ut  non. 
that,  the  fact  that,  quod,  conj. 
that,    on    the    ground    that, 

quod. 
that,  after  verbs  of  doubting, 
etc. ,  quin,  lit.  why  not  ? 
the  .  .  .  the    (with    compara- 
tives), quo  .  .  .  eo. 
theft,  furtum,  i,  n. 
their,  their  own,  suus,  a,  um. 
then,  afterwards,  deinde. 
then,  accordingly,  igitur. 
then,  at  that  time,  tum. 
there,  ibi. 

therefore,  itaque ;  or  igitur  fol- 
lowing one  or  more  words 
of  the  sentence, 
thick,  crassus,  a,  um. 


192 


Latin  Composition. 


thing,  res,  rei,  f. 

tiling,    a    thing    which,     id 
quod,  or  simply  quod. 

think,  puts,  1 ;  arbitror,  1. 
think,  regard,  existimo,  1. 

third,  tertius,  a,  um. 
third,  third  part,  tertia  pars. 

thirty,  triginta. 

this,  hie,  haec,  hoc. 

thither,  eo. 

those  (as  antecedent  of  rela- 
tive), ei,  eae,  ea. 

thou,  tu,  tui. 

though,  quamquam,  quamvis, 
etsi,  cum. 

thousand,  mille,  pi.  milia,  ium, 
n. 

threaten,  minor,  1. 

threats,  minae,  arum,  f. 

three,  tres,  tria. 
three  days,  triduum,  i,  n. 
three  years,  triennium,  i,  n. 

through,  through  the  instru- 
mentality of,  per,  prep, 
with  ace. 

thus,  ita ;  sic. 

thwart,  transtrum,  i,  n. 

till,  dum,  donee,  quoad,  conj. 

till,  up  to,  ad,  prep,  with  ace. 

time,  tempus,  oris,  n. 

to,  ad,  prep,  with  ace. 
to  which,  whither,  qu5,  adv. 

toil,  labor,  oris,  m. 

(too),  and  that  too,  et  is,  ea, 
id. 

top  of,  summus,  a,  um. 

touch,  moved,  ere,  movi,  m5tus. 

Toulouse,  Tolosa,  ae,  f. 


towards  (of  feeling),  in,  erga, 
with  ace. ;  of  motion,  ad, 
with  ace. 
town,  oppidum,  i,  n. 
townspeople,   oppidani,   orum, 

m. 
trader,  mercator,  oris,  m. 
train,  exereed,  ere,  ui,  itus. 
traitor,  proditor,  oris,  m. 
transport,  transporto,  1. 
treacherous,  perfidus,  a,  um. 
treachery,  perfidia,  ae,  f. 
treason,  prdditio,  onis,  f. 
treat,  behave  towards,  iitor,  i, 
iisus. 

treat  of,  ago,  ere,  egi,  actus. 
trench,  fossa,  ae,  f. 
Treveri,  Treveri,  orum,  m. 
tribe,  gens,  gentis,  f. 
tribune,  tribiinus,  i,  m. 
tribute,  stipendium,  i,  n. 
troops,  copiae,  arum,  f. 
trust,  confido,  ere,  fisus,  semi- 

dep. 
twelfth,  duodecimus,  a,  um. 
twelve,  duodecim. 
twenty,  viginti. 
twice,  bis. 
two,  duo,  duae,  duo. 

two  days,  biduum,  i,  n. 

two  hundred,  ducenti,  ae,  a. 

two  years,  biennium,  i,  n. 

U. 

Ubii,  Ubii,  5rum,  m. 
undergo,  subeo,  ire,  ii,  iturus. 
understand,  intellegd,  ere,  lexi, 
lectus. 


General   Vocabulary. 


193 


undertake,  suscipio,  ere,  cepi, 

ceptus. 
unharmed,  incolumis,  e. 
uninterruptedly,  contincnter. 
unjust,  injustus,  a,  um. 
unless,  nisi, 
unless  indeed,  nisi  vero,  nisi 

forte. 
unlike,  dissimilis,  e. 
unmindful,  immemor,  oris, 
until,  dum,  donee,  quoad ;  as 

prep.,  ad  with  ace. 
unwilling,  invitus,  a,  um. 
be    unwilling,    nolo,    nolle, 

nolui. 
unworthy,  indignus,  a,  um. 
uprightly,  honeste. 
uprightness,  probitas,  atis,  f. 
uprising,    tumultus,    us,    m.  ; 

motus,  lis,  m. 
urge,  hortor,  1. 
us,  nos,  nostrum,  nostri,  pi.  of 

ego. 
use,  iitor,  i,  iisus. 
usually,  fere. 

V. 

valley,  vallis,  is,  f. 
valor,  virtus,  litis,  f. 
Veneti,  Veneti,  orum,  m. 
(vengeance),    take    vengeance 

on,  ulciscor,  i,  ultus. 
Veragri,  Veragri,  orum,  m. 
Vercingetorix,     Vercingetorix, 

rigis,  m. 
vergobretus,  vergobretus,  i,  m. 
very,  valde. 
with  substantives,  ipse,  a,  um. 


very,  with  superlatives,  vel. 

very  many,  complures,  ia. 

very  much,  plurimum. 

Vesontio,  Vesontio,  5nis,  m. 

vessel,  navis,  is,  f. 

vice,  vitium,  i,  n. 

vicinity,  in  the  vicinity  of,  for 

the  vicinity  of,  ad,   with 

ace. 
victory,  victoria,  ae,  f. 
village,  vicus,  i,  ra. 
virtue,  virtus,  utis,  f. 
visit,  adeo,  ire,  ii,  itus. 

W. 

wage,  gero,  ere,  gessi,  gestus. 
wait,  exspecto,  1. 
wall,  murus,  i,  m. 
war,  bellum,  i,  n. 
ward  off,  depello.  ere,  puli,  pul- 
sus, 
warlike,  bellic5sus,  a,  um. 
(warning),  give  a  warning,  ad- 

moneo,  ere,  ui,  itus. 
watch,  vigilia,  ae,  f. 
watchfulness,  vigilantia,  ae,  f. 
water,  aqua,  ae,  f. 
way,  manner,  modus,  i,  m. 

way,  route,  iter,  itineris,  n. 
weak,  debilis,  e  ;  mollis,  e. 
wealth,  divitiae,  arum,  f. 
weapons,  arma,  orum,  n. 
welcome,  gratus,  a,  um. 
well-to-do,  beatus,  a,  um. 
what  (interrog.),  quid,  subst. 
whatever,  quisquis,  quicquid. 
when?  quando. 

when  (relative),  cum,  ut,  ubi. 


194 


Latin  Composition. 


whenever,  ut,  cum. 
where  ?  ubi. 

where  (relative),  ubi. 
whether,  num,  -ne. 
whether . . .  or,  utrum  ...  an ; 
whether  .  .  .  not,  nonne. 
which,  qui,  quae,  quod. 
while,  dum,  donee,  conj. 
who?  quis. 
who,  which  (rel.  pron.),  qui, 

quae,  quod. 
who  (does)  not,  who  (is)  not, 
quin. 
whole,  totus,  a,  um. 
why  ?  cur,  quid,  quam  ob  rem. 
why  not,  after  nulla  causa 
est,  etc.,  quin. 
wicked,  malus,  a,  um ;  scelera- 

tus,  a,  um. 
wife,  uxor,  oris,  f. 
wild,  trux,  trucis. 
will,  testamentum,  i,  n. 
willingly,  readily,  libenter. 
win,  earn,  mereo,  ere,  ui,  itus. 

win  over,  concilio,  1. 
winter,  hiems,  emis,  f. 
winter     quarters,     hiberna, 
drum,  n. 
winter,  spend  the  winter,  hie- 

m5,  1. 
wipe  out,  destroy,  deleS,  6re, 

evi,  etus. 
wisdoin,  sapientia,  ae,  f. 
wish,  volo,  velle,  volui. 
with,  cum,  prep,  with  abl. 
with  (not  involving  partici- 


pation), apud,  prep,  with 

ace. 
withdraw,   decedd,   ere,   cessi, 

cessurus. 
within,  intra,  prep,  with  ace. 
without,  sine,  prep,  with  abl. 
be  without,  careo,  ere,  ui,  itii- 

rus. 
withstand,    sustineo,    ere,    ui, 

tentus. 
woman,  mulier,  eris,  f. 
wonder,  miror,  1. 
wonderful,  mirabilis.  e. 
wonted,  solitus,  a,  um. 
woods,  silva,  ae,  f. 
word,  verbum,  i,  n. 
work  (a  work),  opus,  eris,  n. 
worthy,  dignus,  a,  um. 
wounded,  saucius,  a,  um. 
wreck  (of  vessels),  frangd,  ere, 

fregi,  fractus. 
write,  scrib5,  ere,  scripsi,  scrip- 

tus. 
wrong,  injiiria,  ae,  f. 


year,  annus,  i,  m. 

yesterday,  heri. 

yet,  nevertheless,  tamen. 

not  yet,  nondum. 
yield,  cedo,  ere,  cessi,  cessurus. 
you,  tu,  tui ;  vos,  vestrum  or 

vestri. 
young  man,  juvenis,  is,  m. 
your,  your  own,  tuus,  a,  um  ; 

Tester,  tra,  trum. 


LA  TIN,  15 


Latin  Lessons. 

By  Professor  CHARLES  E.  BENNETT,  of  Cornell  University.     i6mo, 
cloth,  191  pages.     Price,  70  cents. 

PROFESSOR  BENNETT  is  a  believer  in  the  old-fashioned 
method  of  beginning  Latin,  that  is,  learning  the  forms  first, 
learning  them  in  order,  and  learning  them  once  and  for  all.  The 
Latin  Lessons  is  a  book  that  sends  the  beginner  directly  to  the 
grammar  for  forms  and  rules,  taking  them  up  in  their  regular 
order.  Complete  sentences  are  found  in  the  very  first  lesson, 
and  easy  stories  are  introduced  as  soon  as  the  pupil  has  learned 
enough  grammar,  in  the  regular  order,  to  read  them.  Teachers 
who  believe  in  the  method  of  "  resolute,  systematic,  and  sustained 
attack  on  declensions  and  conjugations  "  will  find  Professor  Ben- 
nett's new  book  admirably  suited  to  help  them  in  their  work. 

A.  L.  K.  Volkmann,  Volkmann  School,  Boston,  Mass. :    I  like  Bennett's 

Latin  Lessons  very  much.    You  are  getting  somewhere,  and  you  know 
what  you  have  got,  and  you  get  the  whole  thing,  which  is  the  main  pomt. 

The  Foundations  of  Latin. 

A  book  for  Beginners.     Revised  Edition.     By  Professor  C.  E.  BENNETT, 
of  Cornell  University.     i2mo,  cloth,  250  pages.     Price,  90  cents. 

THIS  book  presents  the  matter  for  the  beginner  in  Latin  in 
sixty  chapters,  the  first  thirty-five  devoted  almost  entirely 
to  inflections,  the  remaining  twenty-five  to  syntax,  both  subjects 
being  treated  in  the  order  in  which  they  are  usually  found  in  the 
grammar.  Such  rules  of  syntax  as  are  needed  for  reading  and 
writing  simple  sentences  are  given  in  the  earliest  lessons,  so  that 
the  pupil  has  constant  drill  on  the  forms  while  acquiring  them  ; 
but  the  systematic  study  of  general  syntax  is  postponed  till  the 
pupil  shall  have  mastered  the  forms.  The  book  serves  equally 
well  as  an  introduction  to  Caesar  or  Nepos. 

Dr.  R.  M.  Jones,  Penn  Charter  School,  Philadelphia,  Pa.  :  We  have  adopted 
Bennett's  Foundations  of  Latin.    It  is  the  best  book  of  its  class. 

George  D.  Bartlett,  Pratt  Institute,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. :  I  have  used  a  great 
many  introductory  Latin  books,  and  have  found  none  so  satisfactory  as 
Bennett's  Foundations  of  Latin. 


16  LA  TIN. 


Ccesar's  Gallic  War. 

Books  I ,-IV.  Indicated  quantities,  Introduction,  Notes,  Vocabulary, 
Illustrations,  and  colored  Maps  and  Plans.  Edited  by  Professor 
Charles  E.  Bennett,  of  Cornell  University.  i2mo,  cloth,  352  pages. 
Price,  $1.00. 

IN  his  Caesar,  Professor  Bennett  has  had  constantly  in  mind  the 
point  of  view  and  the  needs  of  the  elementary  pupil.  No 
pains,  therefore,  have  been  spared  to  make  the  Notes  simple  in 
style,  clear  in  statement,  and  pertinent  and  interesting  in  content. 
Every  real  difficulty  receives  consideration  and  explanation,  par- 
ticular care  being  taken  to  indicate  the  course  of  the  thought  and 
the  connection  of  ideas.  Book  II.  has  been  annotated  with 
especial  fulness  for  the  benefit  of  those  teachers  who  prefer  to 
begin  with  this  book  rather  than  with  Book  I. 

In  matters  of  grammar  and  syntax,  the  editor,  while  following 
the  treatment  and  nomenclature  of  his  own  Latin  Grammar,  has 
also  inserted  references  to  the  other  Latin  grammars  in  common 
use.  An  Introduction  of  thirty-one  pages  treats  of  Caesar's  life 
and  of  the  Roman  art  of  war  as  practised  in  his  day. 

Oicero's  Orations. 

Indicated  quantities,  full  Introduction,  Notes,  Vocabulary,  Illustrations, 
and  two  colored  Maps.  Edited  by  Professor  Charles  E.  Benneit, 
i2mo,  cloth,  374  pages.    Price,  ||i.oo. 

THIS  edition  includes  seven  Orations,  —  the  fourCatilineS)  the 
Manilian  Law,  Archias,  and  Marcellus. 
The  aim  of  the  editor  is  not  merely  to  help  the  pupil  to  a  cor- 
rect rendering  of  the  text,  sentence  by  sentence,  but  also  to  bring 
out  the  larger  relations  of  thought  which  make  these  speeches 
masterpieces  of  the  art  of  oratory.  With  this  in  mind,  the  Notes 
are  intended  to  give  a  full  historical  outline  of  the  circumstances 
of  each  oration,  to  keep  the  pupil  in  touch  with  the  logic  of  the 
argument,  and  to  give  an  adequate  explanation  of  all  points  of 
Roman  law  or  custom. 


LATIN.  17 


Virgil's  /Eneid :  Books  L-VL 

Edited  by  Professor  Charles  E.  Bennett,  of  Cornell  University. 
With  Introduction,  Notes,  Vocabulary,  Illustrations,  and  Map.  i2mo, 
cloth,  491  pages.     Price,  $1.20. 

THIS  edition  of  Virgil  has  the  characteristics  which  distinguish 
all  Professor  Bennett's  books,  —  simplicity,  clearness,  and 
scholarly  accuracy. 

A  valuable  feature  of  the  book  is  the  Introduction,  containing 
a  brief  outline  of  Virgil's  life,  an  appreciation  of  his  various  works, 
and  a  full  explanation  of  the  quantitative  reading  of  Latin  poetry, 
together  with  classified  verses  for  practice.  Further  assistance  is 
given  the  student  in  reading  aloud,  by  the  indicated  quantities  in 
Book  I. 

The  notes  aim  to  give  all  the  information  that  may  be  needed 
by  the  average  pupil  in  our  secondary  schools.  In  matters  of 
syntax  all  poetic  constructions  or  other  peculiarities  are  fully 
explained  as  they  occur;  while  on  the  literary  side,  all  of  the 
mythological  and  legendary  allusions  are  made  clear.  These 
classical  stories  are  further  illustrated  by  a  number  of  admirable 
pictures  reproducing,  in  all  cases,  ancient  statuary. 

Grammatical  references  are  to  the  authors  Latin  Grammar  and 
to  the  latest  editions  of  Allen  and  Greenough,  Harkness,  and 
Gildersleeve. 


r/?e  Quantitative  Reading  of  Latin  Poetry. 

By  Professor  CHARLES  E.  BENNETT.     i2mo,  paper,  49  pages.     Price, 
25  cents. 

BELIEVING  that  a  more  thorough  study  of  the  oral  reading 
of  Latin  Poetry  may  prove  a  source  of  pleasure  and  profit, 
not  only  to  the  pupils  but  also  to  many  teachers  of  the  language, 
Professor  Bennett  has  prepared  this  little  monograph  emphasiz- 
ing the  importance  of  the  knowledge  of  quantities  as  well  as  of 
rhythm. 


14  LATIN. 


A  Latin  Grammar. 

By  Professor  CHARLES  E.  BENNETT,  Cornell  University.    i2mo,  cloth, 
282  pages.     Price,  80  cents. 

IN  this  book  the  essential  facts  of  Latin  Grammar  are  pre- 
sented within  the  smallest  compass  consistent  with  high 
scholarly  standards.  It  covers  not  only  the  work  of  the  pre- 
paratory school,  but  also  that  of  the  required  courses  in  college 
and  university.  By  omitting  rare  forms  and  syntactical  usages 
found  only  in  ante-classical  and  post-classical  Latin,  and  by 
relegating  to  an  Appendix  theoretical  and  historical  questions, 
it  has  been  found  possible  to  treat  the  subject  with  entire  ade- 
quacy in  the  compass  of  250  pages  exclusive  of  Indexes.  In 
the  German  schools,  books  of  this  scope  fully  meet  the  exacting 
demands  of  the  entire  gymnasial  course,  and  the  host  of  teachers 
who  have  tried  Bennett's  Grammar  find  that  they  are  materially 
helped  by  the  absence  of  the  mass  of  useless  and  irrelevant  matter 
which  forms  the  bulk  of  the  older  grammars. 

Appendix  to  Bennett's  Latin  Grammar. 

For  university  work.     i2mo,  cloth,  246  pages.     Price,  80  cents. 

THE  purpose  of  this  book  is  to  give  such  information  regard- 
ing the  history  and  development  of  the  Latin  language  as 
experience  has  shown  to  be  of  service  to  advanced  students. 

The  subjects  treated  are  the  Latin  Alphabet,  Pronunciation, 
Hidden  Quantity,  Accent,  Orthography,  The  Latin  Sounds, 
Inflections,  Adverbs  and  Prepositions,  and  Syntax.  Of  these 
subjects,  those  of  Hidden  Quantity,  Inflections,  and  Syntax  re- 
ceive special  attention ;  and  the  results  of  recent  investigation 
are  set  forth  fully  and  clearly,  but  in  compact  form. 

Complete  Edition. 

Latin  Grammar  and  Appendix  in  one  volume.    Price,  |i.a5. 


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